MR VOLUMETRY AND HISTOGRAM ANALYSIS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF LOCALLY ADVANCED RECTAL CANCER
Keywords:
MRI, volumetry, histogram analysis, LARC, rectal carcinoma
Abstract
Rectal cancer, a subtype of colorectal cancer, represents a major global health concern. Prompt and precise diagnosis is essential for selecting the best treatment techniques and enhancing the result itself. Imaging tools, particularly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have significantly contributed to the diagnosis and stage of the illness in recent years. MRI offers a comprehensive visualization of rectal cancer and its adjacent structures due to its superior ability to capture fine details of soft tissues and generate images from several angles. When evaluating the response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) in patients with rectal cancer, it is crucial to acknowledge the significance of additional MRI parameters beyond those specified in the standard protocol. Volumetry and histogram analysis are sophisticated magnetic resonance imaging methods that show promise as additional tools for assessing tumor features and predicting therapeutic response. This paper aims to assess the significance of volumetric MRI and histogram analysis in diagnosing rectal cancer. It aims to clarify the specific benefits and limitations of each technique, thereby enhancing our understanding of their role and importance in the diagnosis of this disease.
References
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2. Salem ME, Hartley M, Unger K, Marshall JL. Neoadjuvant combined‐modality therapy for locally advanced rectal cancer and its future direction. Oncology (Williston Park). 2016;30:546–62.
3. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures. 2018. [(accessed on 18 January 2023)]. Available online: https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2018/cancer-facts-and-figures-2018.pdf
4. Mendis S, To YH, Tie J. Biomarkers in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: A Review. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2022 Mar;21(1):36-44.
5. Keller D.S., Berho M., Perez R.O., Wexner S.D., Chand M. The multidisciplinary management of rectal cancer. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2020;17:414–429.
6. Hermanek P, Wiebelt H, Staimmer D, Riedl S. Prognostic factors of rectum carcinoma--experience of the German Multicentre Study SGCRC. German Study Group Colo-Rectal Carcinoma. Tumori. 1995 May-Jun;81(3 Suppl):60-4.
7. Maas M, Nelemans PJ, Valentini V, Das P, Rödel C, Kuo LJ, Calvo FA, García-Aguilar J, Glynne-Jones R, Haustermans K, Mohiuddin M, Pucciarelli S, Small W Jr, Suárez J, Theodoropoulos G, Biondo S, Beets-Tan RG, Beets GL. Long-term outcome in patients with a pathological complete response after chemoradiation for rectal cancer: a pooled analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Oncol. 2010 Sep;11(9):835-44.
8. Suzuki C , Torkzad MR , Tanaka S , et al. The importance of rectal cancer MRI protocols on interpretation accuracy. World J Surg Oncol . 2008;6(1):89.
9. Schurink NW , Lambregts DMJ , Beets-Tan RGH . Diffusion-weighted imaging in rectal cancer: current applications and future perspectives. Br J Radiol . 2019;92(1096):20180655.
10. Kalisz KR , Enzerra MD , Paspulati RM . MRI evaluation of the response of rectal cancer to neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy. Radiographics . 2019;39(2):538–556.
11. Feeney G , Sehgal R , Sheehan M , et al. Neoadjuvant radiotherapy for rectal cancer management. World J Gastroenterol . 2019;25(33):4850–4869.
12. Son IT, Kim YH, Lee KH, Kang SI, Kim DW, Shin E, Lee KW, Ahn S, Kim JS, Kang SB. Oncologic relevance of magnetic resonance imaging-detected threatened mesorectal fascia for patients with mid or low rectal cancer: A longitudinal analysis before and after long-course, concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Surgery. 2017 Jul;162(1):152-163.
13. Chand M, Bhangu A, Wotherspoon A, Stamp GWH, Swift RI, Chau I, Tekkis PP, Brown G. EMVI-positive stage II rectal cancer has similar clinical outcomes as stage III disease following pre-operative chemoradiotherapy. Ann Oncol. 2014 Apr;25(4):858-863.
14. Cho SH, Kim SH, Bae JH, Jang YJ, Kim HJ, Lee D, Park JS; Society of North America (RSNA). Prognostic stratification by extramural depth of tumor invasion of primary rectal cancer based on the Radiological Society of North America proposal. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014 Jun;202(6):1238-44.
15. Meng Y, Wan L, Ye F, Zhang C, Zou S, Zhao X, Xu K, Zhang H, Zhou C. MRI morphologic and clinicopathologic characteristics for predicting outcomes in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2019 Nov;44(11):3652-3663.
16. Mandard AM, Dalibard F, Mandard JC, Marnay J, Henry-Amar M, Petiot JF, Roussel A, Jacob JH, Segol P, Samama G, et al. Pathologic assessment of tumor regression after preoperative chemoradiotherapy of esophageal carcinoma. Clinicopathologic correlations. Cancer. 1994 Jun 1;73(11):2680-6.
17. Patel UB, Taylor F, Blomqvist L, George C, Evans H, Tekkis P, Quirke P, Sebag-Montefiore D, Moran B, Heald R, Guthrie A, Bees N, Swift I, Pennert K, Brown G. Magnetic resonance imaging-detected tumor response for locally advanced rectal cancer predicts survival outcomes: MERCURY experience. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Oct 1;29(28):3753-60.
18. Martens MH, van Heeswijk MM, van den Broek JJ, Rao SX, Vandecaveye V, Vliegen RA, Schreurs WH, Beets GL, Lambregts DM, Beets-Tan RG. Prospective, Multicenter Validation Study of Magnetic Resonance Volumetry for Response Assessment After Preoperative Chemoradiation in Rectal Cancer: Can the Results in the Literature be Reproduced? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2015 Dec 1;93(5):1005-14.
19. Nougaret S, Rouanet P, Molinari N, Pierredon MA, Bibeau F, Azria D, Lemanski C, Assenat E, Duffour J, Ychou M, Reinhold C, Gallix B. MR volumetric measurement of low rectal cancer helps predict tumor response and outcome after combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Radiology. 2012 May;263(2):409-18.
20. Neri E, Guidi E, Pancrazi F, Castagna M, Castelluccio E, Balestri R, Buccianti P, Masi L, Falcone A, Manfredi B, Faggioni L, Bartolozzi C. MRI tumor volume reduction rate vs tumor regression grade in the pre-operative re-staging of locally advanced rectal cancer after chemo-radiotherapy. Eur J Radiol. 2015 Dec;84(12):2438-43.
21. Xiao J, Cai Z, Li W, Yang Z, Gong J, Huang Y, Deng Y, Wu X, Wang L, Peng J, Ren D, Lan P, Wang J. Tumor Volume Reduction Rate Predicts Pathologic Tumor Response of Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Treated with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy alone: Results from a Prospective Trial. J Cancer. 2015 May 26;6(7):636-42.
22. Kang JH , Kim YC , Kim H , et al . Tumor volume changes assessed by three-dimensional magnetic resonance volumetry in rectal cancer patients after preoperative chemoradiation: the impact of the volume reduction ratio on the prediction of pathologic complete response . Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010 ; 76 ( 4 ): 1018 – 1025 .
23. Kim YH, Kim DY, Kim TH, Jung KH, Chang HJ, Jeong SY, Sohn DK, Choi HS, Ahn JB, Kim DH, Lim SB, Lee JS, Park JG. Usefulness of magnetic resonance volumetric evaluation in predicting response to preoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy in patients with resectable rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Jul 1;62(3):761-8.
24. Meyer HJ, Höhn AK, Hamerla G, Surov A. Histogram parameters derived from T2 weighted images are associated with histopathological findings in rectal cancer - a preliminary study. Am J Transl Res. 2018 Nov 15;10(11):3790-3796.
25. Coppola F, Mottola M, Lo Monaco S, Cattabriga A, Cocozza MA, Yuan JC, De Benedittis C, Cuicchi D, Guido A, Rojas Llimpe FL, D'Errico A, Ardizzoni A, Poggioli G, Strigari L, Morganti AG, Bazzoli F, Ricciardiello L, Golfieri R, Bevilacqua A. The Heterogeneity of Skewness in T2W-Based Radiomics Predicts the Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021 Apr 28;11(5):795.
26. Cui Y, Yang X, Du X, Zhuo Z, Xin L, Cheng X. Whole-tumour diffusion kurtosis MR imaging histogram analysis of rectal adenocarcinoma: Correlation with clinical pathologic prognostic factors. Eur Radiol. 2018 Apr;28(4):1485-1494.
27. Davnall F, Yip CS, Ljungqvist G, Selmi M, Ng F, Sanghera B, Ganeshan B, Miles KA, Cook GJ, Goh V. Assessment of tumor heterogeneity: an emerging imaging tool for clinical practice? Insights Imaging. 2012 Dec;3(6):573-89.
28. Babatürk A, Erden A, Geçim İE. Apparent diffusion coefficient histogram analysis for predicting neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy response in patients with rectal cancer. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2022 Sep;28(5):403-409.
29. Wang KX, Yu J, Xu Q. Histogram analysis of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to predict extramural venous invasion in rectal cancer. BMC Med Imaging. 2023 Jun 8;23(1):77.
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2025/07/18
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