FAKTORI RIZIKA ZA NASTANAK AKUTNOG INFARKTA MIOKARDA U REPUBLICI SRBIJI
Sažetak
Uvod/cilj: Akutni infarkt miokarda (AIM) jedan je od vodećih uzroka obolevanja i umiranja od kardiovaskularnih bolesti (KVB) globalno, pri čemu je razvoj bolesti snažno povezan sa prisustvom i interakcijom više faktora rizika – nemodifikabilnih (pol, starost, porodična anamneza) i modifikabilnih (hipertenzija, dislipidemija, pušenje, gojaznost, fizička neaktivnost, dijabetes mellitus, stres). Cilj rada je da se analizira prevalencija ključnih faktora rizika za AIM među pacijentima sa akutnim koronarnim sindromom (AKS) lečenim u koronarnim jedinicama u Republici Srbiji (2006–2011), kao i u opštoj populaciji Srbije (2012–2022), uz poređenje sa evropskim i globalnim prosekom radi boljeg sagledavanja opterećenja faktorima rizika i dodatnog uvida u potrebu za unapređenjem preventivnih intervencija na nacionalnom nivou.
Metode: Sprovedena je deskriptivna epidemiološka studija. Podaci o prevalenciji faktora rizika kod hospitalizovanih pacijenata sa akutnim koronarnim sindromom (AKS) za period 2006–2011. godine preuzeti su iz godišnjih publikacija Instituta za javno zdravlje Srbije „Dr Milan Jovanović Batut” – Registra za akutni koronarni sindrom. Prevalencija istih faktora rizika u opštoj populaciji Republike Srbije za period 2012–2022. godine analizirana je korišćenjem nacionalnih i međunarodnih sekundarnih izvora podataka, uključujući izveštaje Svetske zdravstvene organizacije (World Health Organization – WHO), Globalnog istraživanja o upotrebi duvana kod odraslih (Global Adult Tobacco Survey – GATS), Studije globalnog opterećenja bolestima (Global Burden of Disease Study – GBD), nacionalna zdravstvena istraživanja iz 2013. i 2019. godine, kao i Evropskog zdravstvenog istraživanja (European Health Interview Survey – EHIS). Faktori rizika definisani su u skladu sa metodologijom korišćenih izvora podataka i važećim međunarodnim smernicama.
Rezultati: Kod pacijenata sa AKS hospitalizovanih u koronarnim jedinicama u Republici Srbiji zabeležena je visoka prevalencija svih analiziranih faktora rizika. U 2011. godini, približno 35% pacijenata bilo je evidentirano kao pušači u trenutku hospitalizacije (aktivni pušači), oko 73% je imalo arterijsku hipertenziju, oko 28% dijabetes melitus, oko 20% gojaznost (BMI ≥30 kg/m²), oko 37% je bilo fizički neaktivno, više od polovine imalo je dislipidemiju i pozitivnu porodičnu anamnezu, dok je oko 31% prijavilo povišen psihosocijalni stres. Analiza trendova za period 2012-2022. godine ukazuje na perzistentno visoke vrednosti navedenih modifikabilnih faktora rizika u opštoj populaciji, koje prate ili premašuju nivoe zabeležene kod hospitalizovanih pacijenata sa AKS u prethodnom periodu.
Zaključak: Rezultati studije ukazuju na perzistentno visoku prevalenciju modifikabilnih faktora rizika u Republici Srbiji, koja se iz populacije pacijenata sa AKS (2006–2011.) preslikala i na opštu populaciju u narednoj deceniji (2012–2022.). Ovakvi trendovi, koji su nepovoljni u odnosu na evropski prosek, ukazuju na potrebu za integrisanim preventivnim strategijama usmerenim na modifikabilne faktore rizika sa ciljem smanjenja ukupnog kardiovaskularnog opterećenja u Republici Srbiji.
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