PREVENCIJA ISHEMIJSKE BOLESTI SRCA
Sažetak
Ishemijska bolest srca (IBS) globalno je vodeći uzrok smrtnosti, a u Srbiji je odgovorna za više od 45% svih smrtnih slučajeva, što je znatno iznad proseka Evropske unije. Nastaje kao posledica ateroskleroze koronarnih arterija, a glavni faktori rizika uključuju pušenje, hipertenziju, dislipidemiju, dijabetes, gojaznost, fizičku neaktivnost, nezdravu ishranu i stres. Prevencija kao osnov javnog zdravlja i zdravstvene politike svake zemlje predstavlja skup mera i aktivnosti usmerenih na očuvanje i unapređenje zdravlja, sprečavanje nastanka bolesti i komplikacija, kao i smanjenje smrtnosti i invaliditeta u populaciji i obuhvata primordijalni, primarni, sekundarni i tercijarni nivo. Ključne mere su usvajanje zdravih životnih navika: pravilna mediteranska ishrana, redovna fizička aktivnost (najmanje 150 minuta umerenog vežbanja nedeljno), održavanje zdrave telesne mase i prestanak pušenja. Kontrola bioloških faktora rizika, poput hipertenzije, dijabetesa i povišenog holesterola, takođe je esencijalna. Skrining program u okviru primarne prevencije igra važnu ulogu u ranom otkrivanju lica sa povećanim rizikom od IBS. Sekundarna prevencija obuhvata adekvatno lečenje i mere za sprečavanje daljih komplikacija kod pacijenata koji već boluju od IBS-a. Ovo uključuje farmakološku terapiju (antiagregacioni lekovi, beta-blokatori, statini), invazivne procedure poput koronarnih intervencija ili bajpas hirurgije i promenu loših životnih navika. Tercijarna prevencija usmerena je na rehabilitaciju pacijenata, smanjenje komplikacija i poboljšanje kvaliteta života. Iako su preporuke za prevenciju jasno definisane, njihova primena u Srbiji se suočava s izazovima. Neophodna je bolja koordinacija, kontinuirana edukacija stanovništva i unapređenje sistema zdravstvene zaštite, posebno u oblasti posthospitalne rehabilitacije. Sveobuhvatan, integrisan pristup koji uključuje javnozdravstvene i medicinske intervencije ključan je za dugoročno smanjenje tereta IBS u Srbiji.
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