„Srpska, prva faza” suzbijanja epidemija 1914. i 1915. godine
Abstract
Summary: In the first phase of the suppression of the epidemics before the arrival of Hunter’s mission, the aim of the Serbian Military-medical Corps was to restore its army to readiness in war combat. However, it did not succeed in doing so. In the second phase of suppression, Hunter's efforts put an end to the epidemics by: a) coordinating activities; b) tightening measures and c) putting into place preventive measures, with means: the "Stammer's barrel”, the "Serbian barrel". Solutions for topics of military importance were considered immediately, as these assessments were relevant for upcoming military activities. It was necessary to make a decision of utmost urgency as to i) whether the combat readiness of the Serbian army had been restored by the implemented measures, and ii) whether the preventive measures were enough to secure the safe arrival of the allied forces to the areas where there a risk of Epidemic typhus and don't catch the illness. These decisions were inter-twined because the proven means of suppression could then be used to achieve the next goal. In 1989, Vukšić supported Hunter's activities and contributions. Hanter's and Vukšić's were not detailed interested in "Serbian, first phase". Analyses of the first phase of the suppression of the epidemics indicate that during this period the endeavourses of the Serbian Medical Corps were very significants. Genčić established special preventive measures in both phases, i.e. throughout the entire duration of the epidemics. That indicates “the ineffectiveness of medicine” before the beginning of the epidemics in 1915, which was the main reason for such a large number of casualties. Genčić supported Hunter's activities. Hunter was assessed as successful while Genčić, his collaborator, was assessed as unsuccessful, which is absurd. The Serbian Military-medical Corps selected the correct strategy, were using chambers with dry warm air, which was his contribution to world medicine in the prevention of Typhus fever. Scientific assessments, and in particular the historical/medical assessments, which were not related to military assessments, could have been made later. It is needed that domestic assessments of events in 1915 are historically/medically re-examined, based on a distinction between the searched 'tags' for charge and the ineffectiveness of medicine.
Key words: special prevention, Typhus, the epidemics of 1915, Hunter, Stammers, Nicolle, Genčić, Batut, Vulović, Vukšić, phases of suppression of the epidemics, the "Serbian barrel", dry warm air chambers, The Military-medical Corps of Serbia
References
REFERENCES
Vukšić LJ. A historical review of the eradication of Louse-borne typhus (Typhus exanthematicus) in Serbia, 1914–1915. Arhiv za istoriju zdravstvene kulture Srbije 1989; 18(1–2): 45–57. (Serbian)
Hunter W. The Serbian Epidemics of Typhus and Relapsing Fever in Serbia in 1915. Novi Sad: Prometheus; 2016.
Hunter W. The Serbian Epidemics of Typhus and Relapsing Fever in 1915: Their Origin, Course, and Preventive Measures employed for their Arrest: (An AEtiological and Preventive Study based on Records of British Military Sanitary Mission to Serbia, 1915.). Proc R Soc Med 1920; 13(Sect Epidemiol State Med): 29–158.
Čukić G. What does the history of Louse-borne typhus teach us?. Berane: Centar za kulturu Berana; 2016. (Serbian)
Čukić G. Disinfestation using dry warm air in the territory of Yugoslavia in the First and Second World Wars]. Timočki medicinski glasnik 2005; 30(2): 85–90. (www.tmg.org.yu) (Serbian)
The printed book of Louse-borne typhus. In: Marković A, Perišić M, editor. The First World War, in the documents of the Archives of Serbia. Volume 2, 1915. Belgrade: Arhiv Srbi-je; 2016. pp. 75–6.
Čukić G. Golgotha and the medical epoch of 1914/1915. A special epidemiology of typhus between 1909 and 1919). Timočki medicinski glasnik 2007; 32(4): 194–204. (Serbian)
Jovanović-Batut M. Typhus, how it spreads and how it can be suppressed. Srpske novine Niš 28.01.1915, 2–4.
Čukić G. The Disinfection Centre in 1915 in Niš. Acta Med Medianae 2016; 55(4): 97–103. (Serbian)
Čukić G. The State Committee for the Prevention of Infec-tious Diseases in 1915. In: Proceedings of the VIII Scientific Meeting on the History of Medicine, Pharmacy, Veterinary Medicine and National Health Culture. Vol. 7. Zaječar; 2016. pp. 29–46. (Serbian)
Genčić L. Raport number 8257/15.01 1915. Vojni Arhiv p3а,k101,f3,d14.
Protić Đ. Serbian barrel. Vojnosanitetski Glasnik 1933; 4: 198–205. (Serbian)
The Commission for the Control of infectious diseases ap-pointed by the High Command in Kragujevac. A brief instruc-tion for disinfection. 30.03 1915. Kragujevac; 1915. (Serbian)
Hanter W. A lecture on the prevention and arrest of lice-borne diseases by new methods of disinfection. Lancet 1918; 192: 377–8.
Čukić G. Dr. Lazar Genčić, Col. (1868-1942) (Chief of the Serbian Military-medical Corps High Command, 1912-1916). Acta Medica Meidanae 2009; 48: 66–74. (Serbian)
Apendix. In: Stanojević V, editor. A History of the Serbian Mil-itary-medical Corps. Our medical experience during the war. Belgrade: VIC; (first issued 1925). 1922. p. 405–13. (Serbian)
Čukić G. In 1915 the emergence of special typhus fever pre-vention in Serbia. Tokovi (Berane) 2017; (2): 165–96.
Stanojević V. The Typhus epidemic in our army 1914-1915. In: Stanojević V, editor. History of the Serbian Military Medical Corps. Our medical experience during the war. Belgrade: VIC (first issued 1925); 1992. p. 336–45. (Serbian)
Dimitrijević B. In a container: records of a Serbian military sur-geon 1916-1918. Belgrade: A Guide for Parents; 2004. (Serbi-an)
Nedok A. The withdrawal of the Serbian army towards the Al-banian coast and its evacuation to Corfu in 1915/1916. The work of the military and medical service. Beograd: AMD; 2006. (Serbian)
Špadijer-Džinić J. Social Pathology. Beograd: ZUNS; 1988. (Serbian)
Čukić G. Scientific contributions in taking measures against the epidemic of Louse-borne typhus in 1915. In: Proceedings of the Sixth Scientific Meeting on History of Medicine, Phar-macy, Veterinary Medicine and National Health Culture, Vol. 5. Zaječar; 2014. pp. 67–81. (Serbian)