POLIOKSOMETALATI: NOVA KLASA JEDINJENJA ZA BOJENJE
Ključne reči:
transmisiona elektronska mikroskopija, polioksometalati, uranil acetat, sredstva za kontrastiranje
Sažetak
Transmisiona elektronska mikroskopija (TEM) već decenijama predstavlja jednu od najvrednijih metoda za ultrastrukturnu analizu bioloških uzoraka, posebno u oblasti medicinskih istraživanja. Potrebna je kvalitetna priprema bioloških uzoraka za TEM kako bi se dobio kontrast koji se može detektovati na elektronskim fotomikrografijama. Supstance koje omogućavaju postizanje kvalitetnog kontrasta za TEM jesu soli teških metala. Jedna od supstanci koja najuspešnije postiže kontrast u TEM proceduri je uranil acetat (UAc), zbog veoma uočljivih kontrastnih svojstava. Ipak, najnovija izmena propisa o radioaktivnosti materijala zabranjuje upotrebu UAc-a, čak i u čisto naučne svrhe. S obzirom da je UAc opasan zbog svoje toksičnosti i radioaktivnosti, razvoj nove bezbedne zamene je neophodan. Ovo je aktuelan problem koji postoji u proceduri za TEM i zahteva hitno rešenje. Cilj ovog preglednog članka je da prikaže mogućnosti primene polioksometalata (POM-ova) kao novih potencijalnih supstanci za kontrastiranje TEM uzoraka. POM-ovi su teški atomski izvori sa širokim spektrom bioloških aktivnosti. Opsežna hemijska karakterizacija POM-ova obećava potencijalnu upotrebu ovih supstanci kao novih reagenasa za kontrastiranje bioloških uzoraka za TEM
Reference
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3. Rüdenberg R. The Early History of the Electron Microscope. J. Appl. Phys. 1943; 14(8),434–436.
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5. Knoll M, Ruska E. The electron microscope. Z. Phys. 1932; 7S,318-39.
6. Knoll M, Ruska E. Contribution to geometrical electron optics. Ann. Phys. 1932; 12(5),607.
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8. Marton L. Electron optical observation of magnetic fields. J. Appl. Phys. 1948; 19(9),863.
9. Haguenau F, Hawkes PW, Hutchison JL., Satiat–Jeunemaître B, Simon GT, Williams DB. Key events in the history of electron microscopy. Microsc. Microanal. 2003; 9(2),96-138.
10. Oatley C, Charles W. The early history of the scanning electron microscope. J. Appl. Phys. 1982;53(2): R1-R13.
11. Burghardt RC, Droleskey R. Transmission electron microscopy. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 2006 Dec; 3(1):2B-1.
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16. Hagler HK. Ultramicrotomy for biological electron microscopy. In: Electron microscopy: methods and protocols. 2007:67-96.
17. Soloff BL. Buffered potassium permanganate-uranyl acetate-lead citrate staining sequence for ultrathin sections. Stain Tech. 1973; 48(4):159-65.
18. Kellenberger E, Ryter A, Sechard J. Electron microscope study of DNA-containing plasmas: vegetative and mature phase DNA as compared with normal bacteria nucleoids in different physiological states. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 1958; 4:671–676.
19. Stempak JG, Ward RT. An improved staining method for electron microscopy. J. Cell Biol. 1964; 22:697–701.
20. Watson ML. Staining of tissues sections for electron microscopy with heavy metals. J. Biophys. Cytol. 1958; 4:475–478.
21. Frasca JM, Parks VR. A routine technique for double staining ultrathin sections using uranyl and lead salts. J. Cell Biol. 1965; 25:157–161.
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23. Pinto AL, Rai RK, Shoemark A, Hogg C, Burgoyne T. Ua-zero as a uranyl acetate replacement when diagnosing primary ciliary dyskinesia by transmission electron microscopy. Diagnostics. 2021 Jun 9; 11(6):1063.
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26. Nakakoshi M, Nishioka H, Katayama E. New versatile staining reagents for biological transmission electron microscopy that substitute for uranyl acetate. J. Electron. Microsc. 2011 Dec 1; 60(6):401-7.
27. Inaga S, Katsumoto T, Tanaka K, Kameie T, Nakane H, Naguro T. Platinum blue as an alternative to uranyl acetate for staining in transmission electron microscopy. Arch. Histol. Cytol. 2007; 70:43–49.
28. Sato S, Adachi A, Sasaki Y, and Ghazizadeh M. Oolong tea extract as a substitute for uranyl acetate in staining of ultrathin sections. J. Microsc. 2007; 229:17–20.
29. Ikeda K-I, Inoue K, Kanematsu S, Horiiuchi Y, Park P. Enhanced effects of nonisotopic hafnium chloride in methanol as a substitute for uranyl acetate in TEM contrast of ultrastructure of fungal and plant cells. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2011; 74:825–830.
30. Benmeradi N, Payre B, Goodman SL. Easier and safer biological staining: High contrast UranyLess staining of TEM Grids using mPrep/g capsules. Microsc. Microanal. 2015 Aug; 21(S3):721-2.
31. Brenner S, Horne RW. A negative staining method for high resolution electron microscopy of viruses. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1959 Jan 1; 34:103-10.
32. van Bruggen EF, Wiebenga EH, Gruber M. Negative-staining electron microscopy of proteins at pH values below their isoelectric points: its application to hemocyanin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1960; 42:171–172.
33. Hall CE. Electron densitometry of stained virus particles. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 1955; 1(1):1.
34. Huxley HE. Some observations on the structure of tobacco mosaic virus. In: 1st European Regional Conference Elect. Micro. Stockholm; 1956 Sep. p.260.
35. Harris JR, Horne RW. Negative staining: A brief assessment of current technical benefits, limitations and future possibilities. Micron. 1994 Jan 1; 25(1):5-13.
36. Adrian M, Dubochet J, Fuller SD, Harris JR. Cryo-negative staining. Micron. 1998 Apr 1; 29(2-3):145-60.
37. Bradley DE. A study of the negative staining process. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1962; 29:503–516.
38. Leeson TS, Higgs GW. Lanthanum as an intracellular stain for microscopy. Histochem. J. 1982; 14:553–560.
39. Tyler JM, Branton D. Rotary shadowing of extended molecules dried from glycerol. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 1980; 71:95–102.
40. Čolović MB, Lacković M, Lalatović J, Mougharbel AS, Kortz U, Krstić DZ. Polyoxometalates in biomedicine: update and overview. Curr. Med. Chem. 2020 Jan 1; 27(3):362-79.
41. Pope MT, Müller A. Polyoxometalate chemistry: an old field with new dimensions in several disciplines. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1991 Jan; 30(1):34-48.
42. Dinčić M, Čolović MB, Matutinović MS, Ćetković M, Stevović TK, Mougharbel AS et al. In vivo toxicity evaluation of two polyoxotungstates with potential antidiabetic activity using Wistar rats as a model system. RSC Adv. 2020; 10(5):2846-55.
43. Leon IE, Porro V, Astrada S, Egusquiza MG, Cabello CI, Bollati-Fogolin M et al. Polyoxometalates as antitumor agents: bioactivity of a new polyoxometalate with copper on a human osteosarcoma model. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2014 Oct 5; 222:87-96.
44. Kubo AL, Kremer L, Herrmann S, Mitchell SG, Bondarenko OM, Kahru A et al. Antimicrobial activity of polyoxometalate ionic liquids against clinically relevant pathogens. Chem. Plus. Chem. 2017 Jun; 82(6):867-71.
45. Wang D, Liu L, Jiang J, Chen L, Zhao J. Polyoxometalate-based composite materials in electrochemistry: state-of-the-art progress and future outlook. Nanoscale. 2020; 12(10):5705-18.
46. Sahiro K, Kawato Y, Koike K, Sano T, Nakai T, Sadakane M. Preyssler-type phosphotungstate is a new family of negative-staining reagents for the TEM observation of viruses. Sci. Rep. 2022 May 12; 12(1):7554.
47. De Carlo S, Harris JR. Negative staining and cryo-negative staining of macromolecules and viruses for TEM. Micron. 2011; 42:117–131.
48. Pope MT, Jeannin Y, Fournier M. Heteropoly and isopolyoxometalates. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1983.
49. Sukmana NC, Sugiarto ZZ, Sadakane M. Structure and thermal transformations of methylammonium tungstate. Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem. 2021; 647,1930–1937.
50. Scarf CA, Fuller MJ, Tompson RF, Iadanza MG. Variations on negative stain electron microscopy methods: Tools for tackling challenging systems. J. Vis. Exp. 2018; 132, e57199.
51. Silverman L, Glick D. The reactivity and staining of tissue proteins with phosphotungstic acid. J. Cell. Biol. 1969; 40,761–767.
52. Sukmana NC, Sugiarto ZZ, Sadakane M. Structure and thermal transformations of methylammonium tungstate. Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem. 2021; 647,1930–1937.
2. Brenner S, Horne RW. A negative staining method for high resolution electron microscopy of viruses. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1959; 34(none),0–110.
3. Rüdenberg R. The Early History of the Electron Microscope. J. Appl. Phys. 1943; 14(8),434–436.
4. Davisson CJ, Calbick CJ. Electron Lenses. Phys. Rev. 1932; 42(4),580.
5. Knoll M, Ruska E. The electron microscope. Z. Phys. 1932; 7S,318-39.
6. Knoll M, Ruska E. Contribution to geometrical electron optics. Ann. Phys. 1932; 12(5),607.
7. Brüche E, Johannson H. Elektronenoptik und Elektronenmikroskop. Naturwissenschaften. 1932; 20,353-8.
8. Marton L. Electron optical observation of magnetic fields. J. Appl. Phys. 1948; 19(9),863.
9. Haguenau F, Hawkes PW, Hutchison JL., Satiat–Jeunemaître B, Simon GT, Williams DB. Key events in the history of electron microscopy. Microsc. Microanal. 2003; 9(2),96-138.
10. Oatley C, Charles W. The early history of the scanning electron microscope. J. Appl. Phys. 1982;53(2): R1-R13.
11. Burghardt RC, Droleskey R. Transmission electron microscopy. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 2006 Dec; 3(1):2B-1.
12. Aldrich HC, Mollenhauer HH. Secrets of successful embedding, sectioning, and imaging. In: Ultrastructure techniques for microorganisms. Boston, MA: Springer US; 1986. p.101-132.
13. Ayub B, Wani H, Shoukat S, Para PA, Ganguly S, Ali M. Specimen preparation for electron microscopy: an overview. J. Environ. Life Sci. 2017 Sep; 2(3):85-8.
14. Tizro P, Choi C, Khanlou N. Sample preparation for transmission electron microscopy. In: Biobanking: Methods and Protocols. 2019:417-24.
15. Cowley JM. Reflection electron microscopy. In: Surface and interface characterization by electron optical methods. Boston, MA: Springer; 1988. p.127-58.
16. Hagler HK. Ultramicrotomy for biological electron microscopy. In: Electron microscopy: methods and protocols. 2007:67-96.
17. Soloff BL. Buffered potassium permanganate-uranyl acetate-lead citrate staining sequence for ultrathin sections. Stain Tech. 1973; 48(4):159-65.
18. Kellenberger E, Ryter A, Sechard J. Electron microscope study of DNA-containing plasmas: vegetative and mature phase DNA as compared with normal bacteria nucleoids in different physiological states. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 1958; 4:671–676.
19. Stempak JG, Ward RT. An improved staining method for electron microscopy. J. Cell Biol. 1964; 22:697–701.
20. Watson ML. Staining of tissues sections for electron microscopy with heavy metals. J. Biophys. Cytol. 1958; 4:475–478.
21. Frasca JM, Parks VR. A routine technique for double staining ultrathin sections using uranyl and lead salts. J. Cell Biol. 1965; 25:157–161.
22. Hayat MA. Positive staining. In: Principles and Techniques of Electron Microscopy (Biological Applications). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2000. p.242–366.
23. Pinto AL, Rai RK, Shoemark A, Hogg C, Burgoyne T. Ua-zero as a uranyl acetate replacement when diagnosing primary ciliary dyskinesia by transmission electron microscopy. Diagnostics. 2021 Jun 9; 11(6):1063.
24. Weill Cornell Medicine. Environmental health and safety. Uranyl acetate and uranyl nitrate. https://ehs.weill.cornell.edu/sites/default/files/uranyl_acetate.pdf [Accessed 16 November 2023].
25. New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services. Hazardous substance fact sheet. https://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/1975.pdf [Accessed 16 November 2023].
26. Nakakoshi M, Nishioka H, Katayama E. New versatile staining reagents for biological transmission electron microscopy that substitute for uranyl acetate. J. Electron. Microsc. 2011 Dec 1; 60(6):401-7.
27. Inaga S, Katsumoto T, Tanaka K, Kameie T, Nakane H, Naguro T. Platinum blue as an alternative to uranyl acetate for staining in transmission electron microscopy. Arch. Histol. Cytol. 2007; 70:43–49.
28. Sato S, Adachi A, Sasaki Y, and Ghazizadeh M. Oolong tea extract as a substitute for uranyl acetate in staining of ultrathin sections. J. Microsc. 2007; 229:17–20.
29. Ikeda K-I, Inoue K, Kanematsu S, Horiiuchi Y, Park P. Enhanced effects of nonisotopic hafnium chloride in methanol as a substitute for uranyl acetate in TEM contrast of ultrastructure of fungal and plant cells. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2011; 74:825–830.
30. Benmeradi N, Payre B, Goodman SL. Easier and safer biological staining: High contrast UranyLess staining of TEM Grids using mPrep/g capsules. Microsc. Microanal. 2015 Aug; 21(S3):721-2.
31. Brenner S, Horne RW. A negative staining method for high resolution electron microscopy of viruses. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1959 Jan 1; 34:103-10.
32. van Bruggen EF, Wiebenga EH, Gruber M. Negative-staining electron microscopy of proteins at pH values below their isoelectric points: its application to hemocyanin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1960; 42:171–172.
33. Hall CE. Electron densitometry of stained virus particles. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 1955; 1(1):1.
34. Huxley HE. Some observations on the structure of tobacco mosaic virus. In: 1st European Regional Conference Elect. Micro. Stockholm; 1956 Sep. p.260.
35. Harris JR, Horne RW. Negative staining: A brief assessment of current technical benefits, limitations and future possibilities. Micron. 1994 Jan 1; 25(1):5-13.
36. Adrian M, Dubochet J, Fuller SD, Harris JR. Cryo-negative staining. Micron. 1998 Apr 1; 29(2-3):145-60.
37. Bradley DE. A study of the negative staining process. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1962; 29:503–516.
38. Leeson TS, Higgs GW. Lanthanum as an intracellular stain for microscopy. Histochem. J. 1982; 14:553–560.
39. Tyler JM, Branton D. Rotary shadowing of extended molecules dried from glycerol. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 1980; 71:95–102.
40. Čolović MB, Lacković M, Lalatović J, Mougharbel AS, Kortz U, Krstić DZ. Polyoxometalates in biomedicine: update and overview. Curr. Med. Chem. 2020 Jan 1; 27(3):362-79.
41. Pope MT, Müller A. Polyoxometalate chemistry: an old field with new dimensions in several disciplines. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1991 Jan; 30(1):34-48.
42. Dinčić M, Čolović MB, Matutinović MS, Ćetković M, Stevović TK, Mougharbel AS et al. In vivo toxicity evaluation of two polyoxotungstates with potential antidiabetic activity using Wistar rats as a model system. RSC Adv. 2020; 10(5):2846-55.
43. Leon IE, Porro V, Astrada S, Egusquiza MG, Cabello CI, Bollati-Fogolin M et al. Polyoxometalates as antitumor agents: bioactivity of a new polyoxometalate with copper on a human osteosarcoma model. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2014 Oct 5; 222:87-96.
44. Kubo AL, Kremer L, Herrmann S, Mitchell SG, Bondarenko OM, Kahru A et al. Antimicrobial activity of polyoxometalate ionic liquids against clinically relevant pathogens. Chem. Plus. Chem. 2017 Jun; 82(6):867-71.
45. Wang D, Liu L, Jiang J, Chen L, Zhao J. Polyoxometalate-based composite materials in electrochemistry: state-of-the-art progress and future outlook. Nanoscale. 2020; 12(10):5705-18.
46. Sahiro K, Kawato Y, Koike K, Sano T, Nakai T, Sadakane M. Preyssler-type phosphotungstate is a new family of negative-staining reagents for the TEM observation of viruses. Sci. Rep. 2022 May 12; 12(1):7554.
47. De Carlo S, Harris JR. Negative staining and cryo-negative staining of macromolecules and viruses for TEM. Micron. 2011; 42:117–131.
48. Pope MT, Jeannin Y, Fournier M. Heteropoly and isopolyoxometalates. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1983.
49. Sukmana NC, Sugiarto ZZ, Sadakane M. Structure and thermal transformations of methylammonium tungstate. Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem. 2021; 647,1930–1937.
50. Scarf CA, Fuller MJ, Tompson RF, Iadanza MG. Variations on negative stain electron microscopy methods: Tools for tackling challenging systems. J. Vis. Exp. 2018; 132, e57199.
51. Silverman L, Glick D. The reactivity and staining of tissue proteins with phosphotungstic acid. J. Cell. Biol. 1969; 40,761–767.
52. Sukmana NC, Sugiarto ZZ, Sadakane M. Structure and thermal transformations of methylammonium tungstate. Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem. 2021; 647,1930–1937.
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