THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE BODY AND UDDER HYGIENE INFLUENCE ON THE MILK SAFETY AND COMPOSITION ON SMALL DAIRY FARMS IN SERBIA

Slavča Hristov; Ljubiša Mihajlović; Dimitar Nakov; Marko Cincović; Branislav Stanković

Slavča Hristov
Ljubiša Mihajlović
Dimitar Nakov
Marko Cincović
Branislav Stanković

Keywords: improvement, body, udder, hygiene, milk, safety, composition, small dairy farms

Abstract

The hygienic condition of dairy cows and their udders on 128 small size household farms located in different regions of Serbia, predominantly engaged in milk production, 5- 15 cows, lactofreeze and at least one milking machine, were evaluated using a following indicators: 1. general assessment of body cleanliness, 2. visual inspection of teat and udder base, and 3. maintenance of the cleanness of the udder, rated on a scale of 0 and 1 or 1 to 5. The samples were taken after cooling during every visit to the farm and tested for milk protein and fat content, somatic cell count (SCC) and the total number of microorganisms (TNM). The milk fat content was determined by the Gerber method, the protein content by the Kjeldahl method, the TNM according to the ISO 4833-1:2013 method and the SCC using Fossomatic TM. The IBM SPSS program was used for statistical data processing.

Capacity, housing system, breed, milking system, number of cows, and capacity occupancy mostly had a very significant or significant impact on hygiene parameters, protein and fat content, SCC and TNM in milk. The hygiene parameters had a continuous trend of improvement in relation to the visits. TNM scores' mean values increased after every visit, with significant differences between visits (F=9.63, P<0.0001). SCC scores vary very significantly between visits (F=5.17, P<0.0001). The number of visits showed a tendency to have a significant influence on the milk fat rate (F=2.221; P˂0.1), but no influence on the milk protein rate (P=0.480; F=0.901).

References

1. Akam, F.D., Dodd, F.H., Quick, A.J. (1989). Milking, Milk Production Hygiene and Udder Health, Report No. 78, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation, Rome, pp. 56–95.

2. Anon (2013). ISO 4833-1:2013 Microbiology of the food chain — Horizontal method for the enumeration of microorganisms — Part 1: Colony count at 30 °C by the pour plate technique.

3. Anon (2014). ISO 8968-1:2014 [IDF 20-1:2014] Milk and milk products - Determination of nitrogen content — Part 1: Kjeldahl principle and crude protein calculation, International Dairy Federation.

4. Anon (2018). ISO 19662 I IDF 238: 2018 - Milk - Determination of fat content - Acido-butyrometric (Gerber method), International Dairy Federation.

5. Atasever, S., Erdem, H., Demiryurek, K. (2012). Association of some milking parameters with milk quality of smallholder dairy farms in Samsun region, Turkey. Journal of Environmental Biology, 33(1), 123-126.

6. Bekuma, A., Galmessa, U. (2018). Review on hygienic milk products practice and occurrence of mastitis in c ow’s milk. Agricultural Research & Technology, 18(2), 1–11.

7. Berge, A. C., Baars, T. (2020). Raw milk producers with high levels of hygiene and safety. Epidemiology & Infection, 148, e14, 1–7.

8. Cook, N. B., Reinemann, D. J. (2007). A tool box for assessing cow, udder and teat hygiene. In annual meeting of the NMC (pp. 21–24).

9. Costa, H. B. A., Dantas, R. M., Alvarenga, M. B., Peripolli, V., Tanure, C. B., Dargatz, D.A., Strohmeyer, R.A., Morley, P.S., Hyatt, D.R. Salman, M.D. (2005) Characterization of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica from cattle feed ingredients. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 2, 341–347.

10. De Vries, T.J., Aarnoudse, M.G., Barkema, H.W., Leslie, K.E., von Keyserlingk, M.A.G. (2012). Associations of dairy cow behavior, barn hygiene, cow hygiene, and risk of elevated somatic cell count. Journal of Dairy Science, 95, 10, 5730-5739.

11. European Commission (2004a) Regulation (EC) No 852/2004 on the hygiene of foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union, L139, 1–54.

12. Ekman, T., Landin, H.L., Waldner, J., Gyllensward, M., Hallen Sandgren, C. (2005). ‘Friskko– Juver’ (‘Healthyc ow–Udder’) A systematic veterinary approach to udder disease in dairy herds. 4th IDF International Mastitis Conference, (ed. H. Hogeveen), pp. 605–610, Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

13. Hillerton, J.E. (2004). Control of MAP in milk. In: New Applications of Mid-Infra-Red Spectrometry for the Analysis of Milk and Milk Products, Proceedings of IDF Symposium of Advancement in Analytical Techniques (Holstebro, 21 May 2003), pp. 17–19, Document No. 383, International Dairy Federation, Brussels.

14. Hristov S. , Lazarević N., Radovanović M., Pavlović M. (1997): Streptokokni mastitis krava. Zbornik naučnih radova XI Savetovanja agronoma i tehnologa sa međunarodnim učešćem, Aranđelovac, 3, 1, 415–424.

15. Hristov S. (2002). Najznača jniji aspe kti utvrđivanja ukupnog broja mikroorganizama u svežem mleku krava. Mlekarstvo, 208–216.

16. Kurwijila, L.R. (2006). Hygienic milk handling, processing and marketing: reference guide for training and certification of small-scale milk traders in Eastern Africa. International Livestock Research Institute.

17. Lemma D, H., Mengistu, A., Kuma, T., Kuma, B. (2018). Improving milk safety at farm-level in an intensive dairy production system: relevance to smallholder dairy producers. Food Quality and Safety, 2(3), 135–143.

18. Malik, T.A., Mohini, M., Mir, S.H., Ganaie, B.A., Singh, D., Varun, T.K., Howal, S., Thakur, S. (2018). Somatic cells in relation to udder health and milk quality-a review. Journal of Animal Health and Production, 6(1), 18–26.

19. Olde Riekerink, R.G.M., Barkema, H.W., Scholl, D.T., Kelton, D.F., Keefe, G.P. Sandgren, C.H. (2005). Implementation of recommended mastitis prevention management practices and the herd level prevalence of contagious mastitis pathogens on Canadian dairy farms. 4th IDF International Mastitis Conference (ed. H. Hogeveen), Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 587–592.

20. Oumer, E., Tsegaye, S., Damtew, A., Feleke, A. (2017). Hygienic practices and bacteriological quality of cow raw milk from selected smallholder dairy farms of Mersa Town, North Wollo, Ethiopia. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 7, 22.

21. Østeras, O., Sølverød, L. (2005) Mastitis control system: the Norwegian experience. 4th IDF International Mastitis Conference (ed. H. Hogeveen), Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 91–101.

22. Reneau, J.K. (1997). Udder preparation for quality milk production. The Bovine Practitioner, 91–94.

23. Relić R., Hristov S. (2016). Praktikum iz zoohigije ne. Poljoprivre dni fakultet - Univerzitet u Beogradu, Beograd.

24. Robles, I., Kelton, D.F., Barkema, H. W., Keefe, G.P., Roy, J.P., Von Keyserlingk, M.A.G., DeVries, T.J. (2020). Bacterial concentrations in bedding and their association with dairy cow hygiene and milk quality. Animal, 14(5), 1052-1066.

25. Sant’anna, A.C., da Costa, M.P. (2011). The re lationship between dairy cow hygiene and somatic cell count in milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 94(8), 3835-3844.

26. Schreiner, D.A., Ruegg, P.L. (2002). Effects of tail docking on milk quality and cow cleanliness. Journal of Dairy Science, 85(10), 2503–2511.

27. Schukken, Y.H., Wilson, D.J., Welcome, F., Garrison-Tikofsky, L., Gonzalez, R.N. (2003). Monitoring udder health and milk quality using somatic cell counts. Veterinary research, 34(5), 579–596.

28. Stewart, S., Godden, S., Rapnicki, P., Reid, D., Johnson, A., Eicker, S. (2002). Effects of automatic cluster remover settings on average milking duration, milk flow and milk yield. Journal of Dairy Science, 85, 808-823.

29. Tamime, A.Y. (2009). Milk processing and quality management. John Wiley & Sons.

30. Van Der Zwaag, H.G. (2005). Mastitis control program in the Netherlands: goals, tools and conditions. 4th IDF International Mastitis Conference (ed. H. Hogeveen), Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 599–604.