Growth performance and nutrient digestibility of grower pigs fed rain tree (Albizia saman) pods as replacement for maize
Response of growing pigs to dietary Albizia saman pods
Keywords:
grower pigs, alternative feed resource, nutritive value, feed costs
Abstract
Growth performance and nutrient digestibility of pigs fed diets containing raintree pods (RP) was evaluated using 20 growing pigs. Five diets were formulated with RP replacing maize in the control diet at 10, 20, 30 and 40% on weight for weight basis. The pigs were randomly allotted to the 5 dietary treatments, with 4 replicates of one (1) pig per replicate, and fed ad libitum for eight weeks. Data were collected on initial weight, final weight (FW), daily feed intake (DFI), daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), cost per kilogramme feed (CKF) and feed cost per kilogramme weight gain. At week eight, the pigs were moved into individual metabolic crates for digestibility trial. Raintree pods, feed and faecal samples were analysed for proximate composition and metabolizable energy was calculated following standard procedures. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, ash, and nitrogen free extract were calculated. Data generated were analysed using one-way analysis of variance. Growth performance of pigs fed 10% RP diet was similar to those fed control diet. As dietary inclusion of RP increased, the DFI, DWG and FW of the pigs decreased (p<0.001). The FCR increased while CKF reduced significantly (p<0.001) with increasing level of RP in the diets. Apparent nutrient digestibility was depressed (p<0.01) with inclusion of RP in the diets of pigs. This study concluded that inclusion of 10% RP as replacement for maize in diet of grower pigs gave optimal growth performance and reduced feed cost.
References
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Chiba, L.I., Lewis, A.J. & Peo, E.R. (1991a). Amino acid and energy inter - relationships in pigs
weighing 20 to 50 kilograms, I. Weight and efficiency of weight gain. Journal of Animal Science, 69, 694-707. Retrieved June 2, 2020 from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/21253833 Amino Acid and Energy interrelationship in Pigs Weighing 20 to 50 kilograms Weight and Efficiency of Weight Gain.
Chiba, L.I., Lewis, A.J. & Peo, E.R. (1991b). Amino acid and energy interrelationships in pigs weighing 20 to 50 kilograms, II. Rate and efficiency of protein and fat deposition. Journal of Animal Science, 69, 708-718. Retrieved May 26, 2020 from https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1702&context=animalscifacpub
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Cole, D.J.A., Duckworth, J. E. & Holmes, W. (1967). Factors affecting voluntary feed intake in pigs 1. The effect of digestible energy content of the diet on the intake of castrated male pigs housed in holding pens and in metabolism crates. Animal Production, 9, 141-148.
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Durr, P. (2001). The biology, ecology and agroforestry potential of rain tree, Samanea saman (Jacq). Merr. Agroforestry Systems, Springer, 51(3), 223-237.
Esquivel-Mimenza, H., Ibrahim, M., Harvey, C.A., Benjamin, T. & Sinclair, F.L. (2014). Pod availability, yield and nutritional characteristics from four fruit bearing tree species dispersed in pasture as a complementary feed for animal production in the dry tropics. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 26, Article #164 Retrieved May 26, 2020 from http://www/lrrd26/9/esqu29164.html
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Hagan, M.A.S. (2013). Nutritive value of Samanea saman seed and whole pod meals as feed ingredients for broiler chickens. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Report, 74pp.
Hosamani, S.V., Gowda, N.K.S. & Kololgi, S.D. (2005). Evaluation of chemical, nutritive and feeding value of raintree pods. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Science, 18(1), 110-113.
Idowu, A.B., Babalola, O.D. & Ademolu, K.O. (2006). The physiological impact of the consumption of Albizia saman pods by albino rats. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 5(7), 585-589.
Irekhore, O.T., Akinsoyinu, A.O., Babatunde, G.M. & Bello, K.O. (2016). Replacement of rain tree (Albizia saman) pods for maize offal in the diet of weaner pigs: Effect on performance, carcass and blood profile. Journal of Animal Production Research, 28(1), 329-339.
Kumar, R. & D’Mello, J.F.P. (1995). Anti-nutritional factors in forage legumes. In J.F.P. D’Mello & C. Devandra (Eds.), Tropical legumes in Animal Nutrition (pp 95-134), Wallingford, Oxon, CAB International.
Livingston, A.L., Knuckles, B.E., Edward, R.H., deFremery, D., Miller, R.E. & Kohler, G.O. (1979). Distribution of saponins in alfalfa protein recovery systems. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 27(2), 362 – 365.
Liener, I.E. (2003). Plant anti-nutritional factors: Detoxification. In: Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Second Edition (pp. 4587 – 4593), New York, Academic Press.
McNeil, D.M., Osborne, N., Komolong, M.K. & Nankervis, D. (1998). Condensed tannins in the Genus Leucaena and their nutrition significance for ruminants. In: H. M. Shelton, R. C. Gutteridge, B. F. Mullen, & R. A. Bray (Eds.), Leucaena – Adaptation, quality and farming systems, (pp 205 – 214), Cambera, ACIAR.
Oduguwa, O.O., Fanimo, A.O., Onyekwere, E.A., Oyenuga, A.B. & Sobogun, G.O. (2000). Utilization of raw and autoclaved whole pods of Samanea saman (Jacq. Merril) by the domestic rabbit. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad), 77(3), 194-198.
Oleszek, W., Junkuszew, M. & Stochmal, A. (1999). Determination and toxicity of saponins from Amarathus cruentus seeds. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 47(9), 3685-3687. doi: 10.1021/jf990182k
Paul, S.S., Mandal, A.B., Chatterjee, P.N., Bhar, R. & Pathak, N.N. (2007). Determination of nutrient requirements for growth and maintenance of growing pigs under tropical condition. Animal, 1, 269-282.
Pauzenga, U. (1985). Feeding Parent Stock, Zootechnica International, 22-23.
Raja, K.K., Srinivas, K.D. & Raghava, R.E. (2017). Chemical composition and in-vitro evaluation of raintree pods as a livestock feed. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 6(5): 3105 – 3109.
Rath, S.C., Nayak, K.C., Mohanta, K.N., Pradhan, C., Rangacharyulu, P.V., Sarkar, S. & Giri, S.S. (2014). Nutritional evaluation of raintree(Samanea saman) pod and its incorporation in the diet of rohu (Labeo rohita Hamilton) larvae as a non-conventional feed ingredient. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 61(4), 105-111.
Rath, S.C., Nayak, K.C., Pradhan, C., Mohanty, T.K., Sarkar, S., Mohantan, K.N., Paul, B.N. and Giri, S.S. (2017). Evaluation of processed raintree(Samanea saman) pod meal as non-conventional ingredient in the diet of Catla catla fry. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 17(2): 323 -332. Doi: 10.5958/0974-181X.2017.00031.2.
SAS (2002) SAS/STA Statistical Analytical Systems Users’ Guide (Release 9.1 Edition). SAS Institute Inc. Cary, North Carolina.
Sauer, W.C., Mosenthin, R., Ahrens, F. & den Hartog, I. (1991). The effect of source of fibre on ileal and faecal amino acid digestibility and bacterial nitrogen excretion in growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 69, 407-487.
Soetan, K.O. & Oyewole, O.E. (2009). The need for adequate processing to reduce the anti-nutritional factors in plants used as human foods and animal feeds: A review. African Journal of Food Science, 3(9), 223-232, 2009. Retrieved from http://www.academicjournals.org/AJFS
Sotelo, A., Contreras, E. & Flores, S. (1995). Nutritional value and content of anti-nutritional compounds and toxics in ten wild legumes of Yucatan Peninsula. Plant Food for Human Nutrition, 47(2), 115-123.
Staples, G.W. & Elevitch, C.R. (2006). Samanea saman (rain tree), ver. 2.1. In: C. R. Elevitch (Ed.), Species profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), Holualoa, Hawai’i. Retrieved January 25, 2019 from http://www.traditionaltree.org.
Thomas, C.T., Devasia, P.A., Nandakumaran, M. & Sukumaran, M.V. (1976). Studies on feeding goats II. Evaluation of raintree(Enterolobium saman or Samanea saman) fruit meal. Kerala Journal of Veterinary Science, 7, 7.
Ukoha, P.O., Cemaluk, E.A.C., Nnamdi, O.L. & Madus, E.P. (2011). Tannins and other phytochemicals of Samanaea saman pods and their antimicrobial activities. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 5(8): 237-244.
Van Egmond, H., Schothorst, R. & van den Top, H. (2009). Alkaloids in feed and food: an emerging risk? Lecture in: 3rd International Feed Safety Conference – Methods and Challenges, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 6 – 7 October, 2009.
AOAC (1990). Official method of analysis 15th ed. Association of Analytical Chemists Washington DC U.S.A.
Aung, M., Kyawt, Y.Y., Htun, M.T., Mu, K.S. & Aung. A. (2016). Effects of inclusion of Albizia saman pods in the diets on performances of dairy cows. American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 11(1), 41-44.
Barry, T.N. (1999). Concluding comments on tannins and their roles in livestock nutrition. ACIAR Proceedings, Number 92, 8-9.
Boren, C.A. & Carlson, M.S. (2005). Nitrogen requirements of swine and recommendations for Missouri. Swine Nutrition, Agricultural MU Guide. MU Extension, University of Missouri, Columbia. Pp1-4.
Brooker, J.D. (1999). Tannins and their roles in livestock nutrition. In: J.D. Brooker (Ed), Tannins in livestock and human nutrition, ACIAR Proceedings, Number 92, 2-8. Retrieved April 28, 2019, from https://www.aciar.gov.au/node/7591.
Chang, S.I. & Fuller, H.L. (1964). Effects of tannin content of grain legumes and sorghum on their feeding values for growing chicks. Poultry Science, 43, 30-36.
Chiba, L.I., Lewis, A.J. & Peo, E.R. (1991a). Amino acid and energy inter - relationships in pigs
weighing 20 to 50 kilograms, I. Weight and efficiency of weight gain. Journal of Animal Science, 69, 694-707. Retrieved June 2, 2020 from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/21253833 Amino Acid and Energy interrelationship in Pigs Weighing 20 to 50 kilograms Weight and Efficiency of Weight Gain.
Chiba, L.I., Lewis, A.J. & Peo, E.R. (1991b). Amino acid and energy interrelationships in pigs weighing 20 to 50 kilograms, II. Rate and efficiency of protein and fat deposition. Journal of Animal Science, 69, 708-718. Retrieved May 26, 2020 from https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1702&context=animalscifacpub
Chicco, C.F., Garbat, S.T. & Muller, H.B. (1973). Una nota sobre el uso del fruto del saman (Pithecolobium saman) en la aliment acion del cerbo. Agronomia Tropical, 23(3), 263-267.
Cole, D.J.A., Duckworth, J. E. & Holmes, W. (1967). Factors affecting voluntary feed intake in pigs 1. The effect of digestible energy content of the diet on the intake of castrated male pigs housed in holding pens and in metabolism crates. Animal Production, 9, 141-148.
Dai, Z.L., Wu, Z.L., Jia, S.C. & Wu, G. (2014). Analysis of amino acid composition in proteins of animal tissues and foods as pre-column o-phtaldialdehyde derivatives by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Journal of Chromatography B, 964, 116-127. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.03.025
De la Cruz, R. (2003). Acacia pods to feed chickens. BAR. Research and Development Digest, Bureau of Agricultural Research Digest, 5(2), 19.
Durr, P. (2001). The biology, ecology and agroforestry potential of rain tree, Samanea saman (Jacq). Merr. Agroforestry Systems, Springer, 51(3), 223-237.
Esquivel-Mimenza, H., Ibrahim, M., Harvey, C.A., Benjamin, T. & Sinclair, F.L. (2014). Pod availability, yield and nutritional characteristics from four fruit bearing tree species dispersed in pasture as a complementary feed for animal production in the dry tropics. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 26, Article #164 Retrieved May 26, 2020 from http://www/lrrd26/9/esqu29164.html
FAO (2018). Food Outlook – Biannual Report on Global Food Market, November, 2018. Rome, 104pp.
Farrell, D.J. & Perez-Maldonado, R.A. (1999). Tannins in feedstuffs used in the diets of pigs and poultry in Australia. In: J.D. Brooker (Ed), Tannins in livestock and human nutrition, ACIAR Proceedings, Number 92, 24-29. Retrieved May 26, 2020 from https://www.aciar.gov.au/node/7591
F/FRED (1994). Growing Multipurpose Trees on Small Farms (2nd ed.). Module 9. Species fact sheets. Bangkok, Thailand. Winrock International, pp. 22-23.
Flores, E.M. (2002). Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. In: J. A. Vozzo (ed). Tropical tree seed manual. Agriculture handbook 721. USDA Forest Service, Washington DC.
Griffins, D.W. (1991). Condensed Tannins. In: J.P.F. D’Mello, C.M. Duffus & J.A. Duffus (Eds.), Toxic substances in crop plants, (pp 285-325). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Hagan, M.A.S. (2013). Nutritive value of Samanea saman seed and whole pod meals as feed ingredients for broiler chickens. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Report, 74pp.
Hosamani, S.V., Gowda, N.K.S. & Kololgi, S.D. (2005). Evaluation of chemical, nutritive and feeding value of raintree pods. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Science, 18(1), 110-113.
Idowu, A.B., Babalola, O.D. & Ademolu, K.O. (2006). The physiological impact of the consumption of Albizia saman pods by albino rats. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 5(7), 585-589.
Irekhore, O.T., Akinsoyinu, A.O., Babatunde, G.M. & Bello, K.O. (2016). Replacement of rain tree (Albizia saman) pods for maize offal in the diet of weaner pigs: Effect on performance, carcass and blood profile. Journal of Animal Production Research, 28(1), 329-339.
Kumar, R. & D’Mello, J.F.P. (1995). Anti-nutritional factors in forage legumes. In J.F.P. D’Mello & C. Devandra (Eds.), Tropical legumes in Animal Nutrition (pp 95-134), Wallingford, Oxon, CAB International.
Livingston, A.L., Knuckles, B.E., Edward, R.H., deFremery, D., Miller, R.E. & Kohler, G.O. (1979). Distribution of saponins in alfalfa protein recovery systems. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 27(2), 362 – 365.
Liener, I.E. (2003). Plant anti-nutritional factors: Detoxification. In: Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Second Edition (pp. 4587 – 4593), New York, Academic Press.
McNeil, D.M., Osborne, N., Komolong, M.K. & Nankervis, D. (1998). Condensed tannins in the Genus Leucaena and their nutrition significance for ruminants. In: H. M. Shelton, R. C. Gutteridge, B. F. Mullen, & R. A. Bray (Eds.), Leucaena – Adaptation, quality and farming systems, (pp 205 – 214), Cambera, ACIAR.
Oduguwa, O.O., Fanimo, A.O., Onyekwere, E.A., Oyenuga, A.B. & Sobogun, G.O. (2000). Utilization of raw and autoclaved whole pods of Samanea saman (Jacq. Merril) by the domestic rabbit. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad), 77(3), 194-198.
Oleszek, W., Junkuszew, M. & Stochmal, A. (1999). Determination and toxicity of saponins from Amarathus cruentus seeds. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 47(9), 3685-3687. doi: 10.1021/jf990182k
Paul, S.S., Mandal, A.B., Chatterjee, P.N., Bhar, R. & Pathak, N.N. (2007). Determination of nutrient requirements for growth and maintenance of growing pigs under tropical condition. Animal, 1, 269-282.
Pauzenga, U. (1985). Feeding Parent Stock, Zootechnica International, 22-23.
Raja, K.K., Srinivas, K.D. & Raghava, R.E. (2017). Chemical composition and in-vitro evaluation of raintree pods as a livestock feed. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 6(5): 3105 – 3109.
Rath, S.C., Nayak, K.C., Mohanta, K.N., Pradhan, C., Rangacharyulu, P.V., Sarkar, S. & Giri, S.S. (2014). Nutritional evaluation of raintree(Samanea saman) pod and its incorporation in the diet of rohu (Labeo rohita Hamilton) larvae as a non-conventional feed ingredient. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 61(4), 105-111.
Rath, S.C., Nayak, K.C., Pradhan, C., Mohanty, T.K., Sarkar, S., Mohantan, K.N., Paul, B.N. and Giri, S.S. (2017). Evaluation of processed raintree(Samanea saman) pod meal as non-conventional ingredient in the diet of Catla catla fry. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 17(2): 323 -332. Doi: 10.5958/0974-181X.2017.00031.2.
SAS (2002) SAS/STA Statistical Analytical Systems Users’ Guide (Release 9.1 Edition). SAS Institute Inc. Cary, North Carolina.
Sauer, W.C., Mosenthin, R., Ahrens, F. & den Hartog, I. (1991). The effect of source of fibre on ileal and faecal amino acid digestibility and bacterial nitrogen excretion in growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 69, 407-487.
Soetan, K.O. & Oyewole, O.E. (2009). The need for adequate processing to reduce the anti-nutritional factors in plants used as human foods and animal feeds: A review. African Journal of Food Science, 3(9), 223-232, 2009. Retrieved from http://www.academicjournals.org/AJFS
Sotelo, A., Contreras, E. & Flores, S. (1995). Nutritional value and content of anti-nutritional compounds and toxics in ten wild legumes of Yucatan Peninsula. Plant Food for Human Nutrition, 47(2), 115-123.
Staples, G.W. & Elevitch, C.R. (2006). Samanea saman (rain tree), ver. 2.1. In: C. R. Elevitch (Ed.), Species profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), Holualoa, Hawai’i. Retrieved January 25, 2019 from http://www.traditionaltree.org.
Thomas, C.T., Devasia, P.A., Nandakumaran, M. & Sukumaran, M.V. (1976). Studies on feeding goats II. Evaluation of raintree(Enterolobium saman or Samanea saman) fruit meal. Kerala Journal of Veterinary Science, 7, 7.
Ukoha, P.O., Cemaluk, E.A.C., Nnamdi, O.L. & Madus, E.P. (2011). Tannins and other phytochemicals of Samanaea saman pods and their antimicrobial activities. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 5(8): 237-244.
Van Egmond, H., Schothorst, R. & van den Top, H. (2009). Alkaloids in feed and food: an emerging risk? Lecture in: 3rd International Feed Safety Conference – Methods and Challenges, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 6 – 7 October, 2009.
Published
2022/10/05
Section
Original Scientific Paper