Journal of Applied Engineering Science

PERFORMANCE AND LEVELS ANALYSIS OF POLLUTANT EMISSIONS WHEN USING BIOFUELS IN THE PT6 ENGINE

2024-03-23T23:34:57+01:00

The Aircraft use jet engines, which have been op-timized over the years to be more efficient, silent, generate higher performance and emit lower levels of polluting emissions. However, there is still a high dependence on fossil fuels, for which high-lights the need to strengthen the study of alterna-tive fuels such as hydrogen and biofuels. To investigate the benefits of some biofuels, the different performances and emissions of biodiesel were theoretically studied in one of the most widely used engines in Colombia, the PT6-A. The results indicate that the use of this biofuel reduces NO_X levels and maintains engine performance at ac-ceptable levels. Analytical studies also indicate that the behavior of NO_X levels is approximately quadratic in the studied interval and CO₂ produc-tion is directly proportional to the percentage of biofuel in the blends.

USING VIKOR AND RSM-DA IN THE OPTIMIZATION OF DRY TURNING OF 9XC STEEL

2024-03-24T08:26:28+01:00

Dry turning is an effective method for reducing the production costs and environmental impact of machining processes. In this study, the effect of cutting speed (V_c), feed rate (f_z), and depth of cut (a_p) on the surface roughness (R_a) and material removal rate (MRR) of 9XC steel during dry turning was investigated. A Box-Behnken experimental design was employed to analyze the main effects and interaction effects of these cutting parameters. In this research, the combining Response Surface Methodology - Desirability Approach (RSM-DA) and VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) method were both employed for solving multiple objective optimization problems, and their performance was compared. The results from both methods can be assessed based on their ability to identify the optimal set of parameters that simultaneously optimize surface quality and production rate, as well as their computational efficiency and ease of implementation. Both RSM-DA and VIKOR have been found effective for solving multi-objective optimization problems, such as optimizing cutting parameters in dry turning. While RSM-DA is a statistical tool that combines multiple objectives into a single function, VIKOR is a decision-making method that ranks alternatives based on multiple criteria. The choice of which method to use depends on the specific requirements of the problem and the availability of resources for implementation. The research results show that both VIKOR and RSM-DA are suitable for solving the multi-objective optimization problem of the turning process. According to the VIKOR method, the optimum cutting conditions were found to be a cutting speed V_c of 120 m/min, a depth of cut a_p of 0.1 mm a feed rate f_z of 0.06 mm/rev, and, which resulted in a surface roughness of 0.209 um and a material removal rate of 0.72 cm³/min. Meanwhile, RSM-DA predicts the optimal R_aand MRR values of 0.254 um and 3.36 cm₃/min, respectively; corresponding to the Vc of 180m/min, f_z of 0.06mm/rev and a_p of 0.3mm; That means, the increasing the value of surface roughness by 21.5% will increase the MRR by 366.7%. The findings of this study can provide guidance for selecting the appropriate cutting parameters for dry turning of 9XC steel to achieve desired surface roughness R_a and material removal rate MRR in the specific case.

TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF LAMINATED PLATES IN THERMAL ENVIRONMENT

2024-03-24T08:30:58+01:00

Transient displacement of laminated plates under combined load based on Mantari^’ s displacement field are investigated. The solution is implemented under transient mechanical load (sinusoidal, step and triangular sinusoidal distributed pressures pulse) and thermal buckling for plates with different layer orientation and thickness ratio. Equations of motion based on higher-order theory are derived through Hamilton^’s principle, and solved using Navier-type solution for simply supported laminated plates. The results are presented for many effective parameters such as the number of laminate and orientation on the dynamic response of plates. Results show the validity of this displacement field in studying response of laminated thick and thin plates under varied transient loading and design parameters.

THE SELECTION PARAMETER FOR THE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE DAM BASED ON ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING

2024-03-24T08:32:50+01:00

Potential risks to people exist if a dam collapses and has a significant impact on the downstream area. Many countries are now facing the problem of having to deal with deteriorated infrastructure due to a lack of maintenance budgeting. This paper presents the dominant parameter in an Operational and Maintenance (OM) dam to build a cost estimation model to maintain the service life of the dam. The method used to identify cost-triggering parameters is based on activity-based costing and dam performance assessments using a combination of the modified Andersen, International Commission of Large Dams (ICOLD), and Dam Commission. The parameter was collected from fourteen independent variables, namely: dam height, irrigation area, sedimentation volume, grass area, wood vegetation area, corrosion area, concrete area, daily worker, corrosion expert, concrete deterioration, hydromechanical, physical performance, operation performance, and safety performance. The results of the model indicate that height, wood vegetation area, concrete maintenance area, hydromechanical deterioration, and safety performance are variables that affect OM costs. The OM costs can be reduced if the safety performance variable increases. This condition implies that if the safety performance component consists of dam monitoring activities, periodic inspections, green belt maintenance, water quality maintenance, and public awareness, the OM costs will decrease by 10%.

COMBINED IMPACT OF PRIMARY-SECONDARY RATIO AND EXCESS AIR ON COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT PERFORMANCE

2024-03-24T10:24:53+01:00

The primary-secondary air ratio is believed to impact both the combustion process and the overall performance of a power plant. This study aims to investigate how an increase in the primary-secondary air ratio affects the performance of a power plant located in north Gorontalo, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, using a GateCycle model. We conducted simulations of 48 variations based on three primary-secondary ratio values (PA-SA) to determine the optimal proportion of PA-SA. Our findings indicate that the optimal PA-SA ratio under stoichiometric conditions was 25-75%, resulting in a total cost of 108.03 million Rupiah per hour with a fuel burn rate of 22756 kg/h. When operating with 10% excess air, the optimal PA-SA ratio remains 25-75%, and the fuel flow and total cost were 22947 kg/h and 108.94 million Rupiah, respectively. Similarly, under 20% excess air, the optimal PA-SA ratio was also 25-75%, with a fuel flow rate and total cost of 23144 kg/h and 109.87 million Rupiah, respectively.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF FLAT WINGLET DEFLECTOR ON HYBRID SOLAR PV-WIND TURBINE SYSTEM: CASE STUDY ON TWISTED SAVONIUS TURBINE

2024-03-24T10:32:19+01:00

The harnessing of clean energy from solar and wind constitutes the foremost renewable energy source in Indonesia. The amalgamation of these energy modalities holds the promise of heightened energy efficiency coupled with reduced maintenance expenditures. This investigation endeavors to synergize wind turbines with photovoltaic (PV) solar panels in a hybrid configuration, capitalizing on the turbulent effluent from the wind turbine system as a cooling medium for the solar PV panels. Further studies are needed regarding the Solar PV-Wind Turbine hybrid cooling system, as a system needs to be designed to optimize the direction of airflow from the turbine as a cooling medium for the solar PV panels without compromising the turbine's performance. Experimental-scale modeling is implemented in this study, introducing a flat winglet deflector configuration to refine and optimize the airflow dynamics traversing the turbine, directed towards enhancing the performance of the integrated solar PV-Wind Turbine hybrid system. The results showed that the installation of solar PV panels and the addition of a flat winglet deflector configuration could improve the performance of the turbine. The highest Cp and Ct values obtained were 0.18476 and 0.66404 with an increased value of 21.74% and 20.56% respectively. Using the Taguchi method, the most optimal configuration for Cp is obtained for installing a PV solar panel with a height of 10cm with AoA for installing a flat winglet deflector of 5°. In the ANOVA analysis conducted, it is known that AoA has an effect of up to 71.57%, while the panel height has an effect of 24.69% with an error percentage of 3.73%.

RESEARCH AND DESIGN OF AN EFFICIENT ADAPTIVE DRIVE WITH BALANCING FRICTION COUPLING

2024-03-24T10:37:17+01:00

Currently, research related to the automation of processes, systems and devices are of high relevance in the scientific and technical field: in the aerospace industry, robotics and electric transport technology. Successful automation of facilities and processes requires simplified control systems, and an adaptive mechanical system operates without a control system, which increases its reliability and efficiency. In particular, the creation of an efficient and reliable transmission of electric autonomous and mobile vehicles can be achieved by an adaptive mechanical drive with two degrees of freedom. Adaptation of the two-mobile system (2-DoF) is achieved by the proposed completely new type of transmission, namely the design of a stepless multi-speed drive with an additional friction coupling. The property of reliable adaptation of a two-mobile self-adjusting mechanical drive is independent adaptability to an external load with the help of a balancing friction coupling that provides a connection between the frictional moment and the relative angular velocity. The article presents a study of the interaction of the parameters of a two- mobile system in order to improve the efficiency of a self-adjusting adaptive drive with a given wide range of regulation based on the use of a friction coupling.

ESTABLISHING THE PARAMETERS OF THE OPERATION MODE OF THE ELECTRIC PULSE AUTOMOBILE MUFFLER

2024-03-24T10:39:15+01:00

The purpose of the research in the article is to obtain analytical and experimental results on the purification of internal combustion engine exhaust gases by an electric pulse, allowing us to determine the main parameters of the muffler operation. The set goal was achieved by performing the following methodology. A mathematical model of the motion of a gas particle in a muffler has been developed and investigated, the relationship between the capacity of the engine combustion chamber, the number of revolutions of the crankshaft, the pulse intensity, and the dynamic viscosity of the medium has been established. The condition of the muffler operation is determined through the parameter – the distance between the electrodes. The optimality criterion is justified – the smokiness of the gas before and after purification. A nonlinear experimental plan has been compiled using the methods of similarity theory and dimension analysis. An experimental stand has been developed and results linking the process parameters have been obtained. The results obtained are the basis for the methodology for calculating the design of electric pulse mufflers with optimal smoke ratios.

REASONABLE DESIGN METHOD OF BOX CRANE GIRDER BY TAGUCHI METHOD

2024-03-24T10:42:50+01:00

Overhead cranes are widely used in industrial systems. In this study, the research object is the main box girder of the overhead crane. The research objective is to find the parameters to obtain a lighter structure, which reduces the market price of the crane. The article studies the method of calculating crane girders and sets up the optimization algorithm. The study will use the Taguchi method, and ANOVA analysis to evaluate the influence of box girder parameters. The girder weight, stress, local stability, static displacement, and vibration frequency are response values. Constraint conditions are evaluated by examining each factor with response value according to the orthogonal matrix L16. Analysis of the Signal to Noise ratio and ANOVA by Minitab software will select the optimal parameters that satisfy the constraints, the goal is to reduce the volume compared to the original design. The test results of the crane with a lifting capacity of 250 tons, an aperture of 31 m, the girder weight reduced by 24.33 %, while the stress increased by only 6.16 %. The new design ensures suitable local stability conditions by making better use of the material's capabilities. With the new parameters, the technical criteria are guaranteed.

ENHANCING THE PERFORMANCE OF SAVONIUS ROTOR USING TIERED-HEIGHT ZIGZAG PATTERNS IN CONCAVE SURFACE

2024-03-24T10:46:55+01:00

A technique to reduce CO₂ emissions from the use of fossil fuels is to use clean energy. One of them is wind energy, which is generated by a wind turbine. Savonius, a type of vertical axis wind turbine, is a small-scale energy conversion device suitable for low wind speeds, such as those characteristic of Indonesian wind speed. The objective of the current study was to analyze the impact of implementing a tiered-height zigzag pattern on the concave surface of the Savonius blade. The zigzag angle operates to direct the wind toward the reverse blade, consequently augmenting the pressure on the reverse blade. In addition, the tiered-height zigzag pattern in the concave surface increases the area of the turbine that is in contact with the wind, which in turn generates more energy. This study used an open-type wind tunnel to conduct experiments as the primary technique of investigation. Its performance was assessed in terms of power and torque coefficients. Additionally, experiments were conducted with other standard semi-circular blades to get a direct comparison. According to the findings of the experiments, incorporating a tiered-height zigzag pattern into a concave surface may produce a power coefficient (Cp) that is 16 % higher than that of a semi-circular. The highest Cp was 0.286 at a TSR of 0.55 and U = 6 m/s. In this case, the Savonius wind turbine's ability may be elevated by including a tiered-height zigzag pattern in the Savonius concave surface.

DETERMINATION OF ORIENTATION PARAMETERS AND AUTOMATIC WIND WHEEL SPEED CONTROL

2024-03-24T11:23:34+01:00

The design of the wind wheel and storm protection will help greatly improve the performance and safety of the wind-powered water-lifting unit. This, in turn, will contribute to improving the quality of life of rural residents. The authors of this study developed the design of a wind-powered water-lifting unit. The research aims to develop a wind-powered water-lifting unit with a capacity of up to 2.5 m3/hour, resistant to hurricane gusts of wind, with automatic control of wind wheel speed. The mathematical expressions used consider the force of the airflow and the screen area of the side blade, which takes the plane of the wind wheel out of the wind when it increases to values above the permissible operating wind speed. Numerical methods were used to calculate the forces on the spring returning the wind wheel plane to the initial position at different wind speeds. The dependences of the effect of airflow velocity on the free rotation of the wind wheel, i.e., without its running out of the wind, have been determined.

EFFECT OF SERVICE LINE ON THE AVERAGE ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF WATER SUPPLY PUMPING STATION

2024-03-24T11:26:10+01:00

The pumps of high lift station consume a high magnitude of power to deliver the water supply to the community consumers, therefore it necessary to looking for means that help to reduce this consumption. The service pipe is an important part of water supply network but it is usually ignored in network analysis. The research focuses on the investigating the effects of this pipe on annual power consumption of pump station. The proposed model is constructed using EPAnet software and different values of diameter and C-coefficient are studied. Moreover, the effect of demand allocation is also studied. The results indicated that the increasing in diameter or in C-coefficient cause decreasing of annual power consumption. The application of demand allocation gives power consumption values less than that for no demand allocation application case. The statistical model showed the significance relationship among power consumption and service pipe properties, and showed that the effect of C-coefficient is higher than the effect of diameter.

INVESTIGATION OF GRANULAR NATURAL STONE MATERIALS AS PHOTOTHERMAL ABSORBERS FOR SUSTAINABLE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY ENERGY HARVESTING

2024-03-24T11:28:31+01:00

The development of cost-effective and environmentally friendly solar thermal technologies that deliver high performance poses several challenges, where the collector and absorber components play a pivotal role. This research addresses these issues by investigating enhanced temperature generation using a 30 cm × 30 cm Fresnel lens collector under solar illumination from a xenon lamp. Natural stone materials (andesite, coal, and pumice), characterized by granular structures with an average diameter of 1.68–2.00 mm, were selected because of their abundance and eco-friendliness. This research is focused on evaluating the effect of Fresnel lens on temperature generation performance. Two types of temperature generation tests were carried out: wet tests (where the natural stone materials were immersed in distilled water) and dry tests (where the natural stone materials were used in dry conditions). The morphologies of the natural stone materials were examined using an optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. Furthermore, the optical properties of the natural stone materials were analyzed using an ultraviolet–visible (UV–VIS) spectrophotometer. The findings revealed that there were significant improvements in the photothermal absorber performance with the use of a Fresnel lens in dry tests, where the highest temperature was achieved for coal (103.25 °C), followed by andesite (89.00 °C) and pumice (73.00 °C). The impurities varied between the materials, where the impurities were most dominant for pumice while coal was more uniform. Further examination using scanning electron microscope showed that all materials had light-trapping structures in the form of rough surfaces, pores, and crack gaps. Andesite was dominated by rough surfaces, while coal and pumice were dominated by crack gaps and pores, respectively. However, based on the UV–VIS spectrophotometric results, there were no correlations between the optical properties (absorbance, reflectance, and transmittance) and temperature achieved by the photothermal absorber materials. This research demonstrates the potential of using natural stone materials as photothermal absorbers in combination with a Fresnel lens collector for low-to-medium temperature solar thermal applications.

IMPACT OF DEVELOPED SOFTWARE PACKAGE APPLICATION FOR THE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT ON IMPROVING THE VEHICLE FLEET ENERGY EFFICIENCY

2024-03-24T11:31:31+01:00

In order to improve the energy efficiency of the vehicle fleets, many countries have introduced laws, regulations and politics that encourage the use of vehicles with lower fuel consumption and lower emissions of harmful gases. Also, many companies have adopted strategies for lowering emissions of harmful gases, maintenance costs and vehicle exploitation, including the use of software packages for operation management and maintenance of vehicle fleets. On the international market there are numerous of already made software packages for the operation management and maintenance of vehicle fleets. Some of the companies, having in mind the specificity of business or vehicle exploitation, have decided to develop their own software packages for operation management and maintenance of vehicle fleets. One of them is the company „SRBOLAB“ DOO. This paper analyzed the impact of the developed software package on the energy efficiency of the company's vehicle fleet. Firstly, it describes the structure of the developed software package, and after that, applied measures next to the software package, in order to improve energy efficiency and obtained results in the form of an analysis of the energy efficiency of the observed vehicle fleet before and after the implementation of software and measures. Analysis has shown that, regardless of the increased business, the total fuel consumption (l) and mileage (km) are higher after the implementation of software, as well as the energy efficiency of the observed vehicle fleet per CE groups which is reduced to specific fuel consumption (l/100km). Obtained results show that the differences in the specific fuel consumption (l/100km), before and after the implementation of software per CE groups, are in the range of 0,32 l/100km to 1,26 l/100km, in other words, fuel savings are from 4,1 % to 16,8%, if you look at this in percentages. Obtained results in comparison to the size, spent fuel (l), are showing savings in the range of 89 l to 342 l. Total fuel savings (l) for the observed vehicle fleet in the period of January to April 2023 is 626 l.

DEVELOPMENT OF A FEM PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATING THE PRESSURE PROFILE IN THE INDUSTRIAL WHEEL AND FATIGUE STRENGTH ANALYSES

2024-03-24T11:37:08+01:00

Industrial wheels are heavily loaded components that undergo severe cyclic stress conditions. Thus, the design of the rims must include a wide fatigue study which articulates in laboratory and field tests, analytical and numerical analyses and comparison of the experimental and computational results. This paper presents the study approach applied in the study of a 25 in rim for earth-moving machines manufactured by Moveero. The rim was subject to a design update which provided the reduction of the thickness from 11 mm to 9 mm. We decided to study the interaction tire-rim because it’s a critical zone. The failures affected the area of the seat radius of the fixed flange of the rim, which resulted to be the most stressed part of the rim because of the bending actions of the tire on the flange. In order to deepen the cyclic mechanical behaviour of the component, laboratory inflation and rolling tests were carried out in Woodridge USA considering several combinations of inflation pressure and radial load applied to the wheel. The strain data from the tests were analysed to develop a reverse empirical model for the contact pressure between tire and rim. Once the load diagram applied to the flange for each test was estimated, FEM static simulations could be performed on a 3D model of the rim through SolidWorks Simulation. The stress fields obtained were then used for fatigue FEM numerical analyses which could return an evaluation of the predicted life of the component under several load conditions.

JUSTIFICATION OF RATIONAL OPERATING PARAMETERS OF VIBRATION DISC-WORKING ENGINES OF SEEDING UNITS TO IMPROVE ENERGY-TECHNOLOGICAL INDICATORS

2024-03-24T11:39:43+01:00

The article addresses the interaction of disc vibration working elements of a seed drill with soil to reduce traction resistance and energy consumption in soil processing. Regularities characterizing the impact of vibrations on the soil are identified, and a mechanical-mathematical model of soil cutting by the vibrational disc-working element of a seed drill is developed. Mathematical dependencies for determining the parameters of vibro-impact interaction of the cutting edge of the disc-working element with the soil are obtained. The efficiency conditions of the vibro-cutting process, in terms of reducing traction resistance and energy consumption, are established. A methodology for selecting rational parameters for vibro-cutting soil in the design and operation of the disc-working element of seeding equipment is developed. Experimental results of a prototype vibrational working equipment are presented, confirming theoretical findings and demonstrating the effectiveness and feasibility of vibrational soil cutting by the disc-working element for reducing traction resistance and energy costs. The research, the results of which are presented in this article, is funded by the Committee on Science of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (grant AP14869252 "Development of the universal sowing complex with increased productivity for the agro-industrial production of the Republic of Kazakhstan").

VEHICLE ROUTING IN THE CASE OF UNCERTAIN CUSTOMER DEMANDS AND SOFT TIME WINDOWS: A NEURO-FUZZY LOGIC APPROACH

2024-03-24T11:41:53+01:00

Vehicle routing, with its many variants, is one of the most important and frequently solved problems in transportation engineering. The aim of this paper is to develop a decision-making support tool for addressing the issue of dispatching vehicles in scenarios characterized by uncertain demands within soft time windows. In real-world scenarios, it is not uncommon for customer demands to exhibit flexibility, where certain early arrivals or delays may be deemed acceptable. Therefore, this paper introduces vehicle routing in more realistic contexts, offering potential practical implementations. The methodology for solving the problem is based on a fuzzy logic system whose membership functions are additionally adjusted using a neural network. Such a tool, neuro-fuzzy logic, is suitable for solving a defined routing problem since it can consider all the mentioned uncertainties in the distribution systems. Each user is assigned a performance index that considers travel time, demand, and delivery time windows. Then, the performance index is used as input data in the proposed vehicle routing tool based on the Clarke-Wright algorithm. The described approach has been tested on a concrete example, mimicking a distribution network resembling real-world conditions, incorporating estimated travel times between customers. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach can effectively handle customer demands, with an average delay of 5.05 minutes during the 80-minute distribution. In future research, some environmental factors could be included in the proposed model. In addition, one of the directions of future research could be vehicle re-routing using the ideas from this paper.

INTEGRATION PLANNING BETWEEN COMPONENTS OF TYPE B BUS STATION SUKOREJO

2024-03-24T11:53:53+01:00

Kendal Regency has problems with passenger bus station services in the transportation sector. Integrating components in Sukorejo Type B Bus Station includes crossing circulation patterns between people and vehicles. The crossing can cause conflicts that endanger the safety of service users. This study aimed to handle circulation conflicts through the integration of the components applied in the Sukorejo Type B Bus Station can be optimal. This study used a methodological approach such as quantitative, explanation, and planning, referring to the field results and observational surveys. This research used 135 respondents of inter-city transportation within the province (AKDP) and 147 respondents of rural transportation (ANGDES). The results showed the integration performance between the components of the Sukorejo Type B Bus Station through the Normalized Score, which got a value of -100 with good information and indicated by the total circulation distance needed to reach each bus station component in 452 meters for 342 seconds. In Bus Station Type B Sukorejo, circulation crossings caused conflict at as many as 10 points due to the pedestrian crossing activities in private vehicle parking, arrival areas, waiting areas, and public transport departures. The research value of PV2 < 108 meant the need for pedestrian facilities indicated that it was not necessary to handle circulation crossings with pedestrian facilities. It was just sufficient to provide pedestrian warning signs to cross, so that vehicle drivers could be careful in crossing each conflict point.

ENHANCING S45C STEEL FOR THE PRIMARY COMPONENT OF AN AUTOMATIC COUPLER USING QUENCH-TEMPERING TECHNIQUES

2024-03-24T11:50:30+01:00

Coupling links and hooked plates constitute the primary components of automatic couplers in trains, enduring substantial tensile and compressive loads during train connections. This study endeavours to enhance the strength of S45C material through heat treatment techniques. The research commenced with the preparation of JIS S45C tensile test specimens adhering to ASTM E8 standards. The material's chemical composition was validated using an Optical Emission Spectrometer (OES). Six heat treatment variations were employed, including quench oil without tempering (QO), quenching water without tempering (QW), quenching oil tempered at 660°C (QOT660), quenching water tempered at 660°C (QWT660), quenching oil tempered at 550°C (QOT550), quenching water tempered at 550°C (QWT550), alongside untreated conditions (NT) for comparison. The efficacy of heat treatment was evaluated through tensile testing, optical metallographic analysis, and micro-Vickers hardness tests. QO and QW scenarios were excluded from the tensile tests. Results revealed that QWT550 demonstrated the most substantial enhancement in material yield, exhibiting a 115% increase. Moreover, hardness testing indicated superior hardness in QWT550 specimens compared to other tempered variants. The metallographic analysis illustrated the formation of identical and smooth martensitic structures. Overall, the combination of cooling heat treatment and tempering proved sufficient to meet the design requirements of hooked plates and coupling links for automatic couplers.

LITERATURE REVIEW: USER INTERFACE OF SYSTEM FUNCTIONAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATION (FES) AND ARM ROBOTIC REHABILITATION

2024-03-24T10:29:58+01:00

Interface technology development for human-robot interaction (HRI) in rehabilitation systems has increased in recent years. HRI can effectively achieve specific motor goals desired in rehabilitation, such as combining human intentions and actions with robotic devices to perform the desired stroke rehabilitation movements. Rehabilitation devices are starting to be directed towards using devices that integrate functional electrical stimulation (FES) with robotic arms because they have succeeded in providing promising interventions to restore arm function by intensively activating the muscles of post-stroke patients. However, FES requires a high level of accuracy to position the limbs for the functional tasks given because excessive electrical stimulation can cause fatigue in the patient, so it is necessary to provide electrical stimulation with an amplitude that suits the patient's needs. Unfortunately, most studies have a constant voltage amplitude and do not consider the voltage that matches the patient's muscle needs; this treatment can cause fatigue in the patient. Robotic devices as rehabilitation aids have the potential to support external power and adapt electrical stimulation needs to the voltage amplitude applied to the FES. Integrating FES with a robotic arm support system into one hybrid neuroprosthesis is attractive because the mechanical device can complement muscle action and increase rehabilitation's repeatability and accuracy rate. The integration of FES and robotic arms is a promising approach in the future. This article reviews the state of the art regarding motor rehabilitation using functional electrical stimulation (FES) devices and robotic arms for the upper limbs of post-stroke patients. A narrative review was done through a literature search using the IEEE-Xplore, Scopus, and PubMed databases. Nine different rehabilitation system articles were identified. The selected systems were compared critically by considering the design and actuators, components, technological aspects, and technological challenges that could be developed in the future. This article also examines the development of HRI and emerging research trends in HRI-based rehabilitation.