ASSERTIVENESS AND SELF-ESTEEM AS PREDICTORS OF NEGATIVE AFFECTIVITY IN ADOLESCENTS: THE ROLE OF GENDER AND PLACE OF RESIDENCE – BELGRADE AND KOSOVSKA MITROVICAж
Keywords:
mental health, adolescence, self-esteem, assertiveness, negative affectivity.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the predictive role of self-esteem and assertiveness in explaining negative affectivity (depressiveness, anxiety, and stress) in 382 high school students from Belgrade and Kosovska Mitrovica, while also considering gender differences. The study used self-esteem and assertiveness scales, as well as the DASS-21. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, t-tests, and hierarchical regression analysis. Self-esteem was found to be a strong and consistent negative predictor of depressiveness, anxiety, and stress in both samples. Assertiveness was a significant predictor only in the Belgrade sample. Adolescents from Kosovska Mitrovica had significantly lower self-esteem and higher levels of depressiveness and anxiety. Girls had significantly higher self-esteem and stress levels than boys. Self-esteem represents a key protective factor for adolescent mental health. The findings underscore the importance of sociocultural context and have implications for the development of targeted preventive programs.
References
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
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Baumeister, Roy F., Laura Smart, and Joseph M. Boden. „Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem.ˮ Psychological Review 103.1 (1996): 5–33.
Bilgel, Nazan. „Turkish version of the depression anxiety stress scale (DASS-42): Psychometric properties.ˮ Archives of Neuropsychiatry Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi Dergisi, 47 (2010): 118–26. https://doi.org/10.4274/npa.5344.
Bijstra, Jan O., Harke A. Bosma, and Sandy Jackson. „The relationship between social skills and psycho-social functioning in early adolescence.ˮ Personality and Individual Differences 16.5 (1994): 767–776. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)90218-6
Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne, and Kathryn L. Mills. „Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing?ˮ Annual Review of Psychology 65.1 (2014): 187–207. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115202.
Bourke, Rosamund. „Gender differences in personality among adolescents.ˮ Psychology, Evolution & Gender 4.1 (2002): 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461666021000013724
Bronfenbrenner, Urie. „The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design.ˮ Vol. 352. Harvard University Press, 1979.
Brown, Timothy A., Bruce F. Chorpita, and David H. Barlow. „Structural relationships among dimensions of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders and dimensions of negative affect, positive affect, and autonomic arousal.ˮ Journal of Abnormal Psychology 107.2 (1998): 179–92. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.107.2.179.
Campbell, Jennifer D. „Self-esteem and clarity of the self-concept.ˮ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59.3 (1990): 538–549. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.3.538.
Clark, Lee Anna, and David Watson. „Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications.ˮ Journal of Abnormal Psychology 100.3 (1991): 316–336.
Cohen, Sheldon, Denise Janicki-Deverts, and Gregory E. Miller. „Psychological stress and disease.ˮ Jama 298.14 (2007): 1685–1687. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.14.1685.
Crawford, John R., and Julie D. Henry. „The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS): Normative data and latent structure in a large non‐clinical sample.ˮ British Journal of Clinical Psychology 42.2 (2003): 111–131. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466503321903544.
Cuijpers, Pim. „Effective ingredients of school-based drug prevention programs: A systematic review.ˮ Addictive Behaviors 27.6 (2002): 1009–1023. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603(02)00295-2
Динић, Бојана. „Принципи психолошког тестирања.ˮ Нови Сад: Филозофски факултет, Преузето са http://digitalna. ff. uns. ac. rs/sadrzaj/2019/978-86-6065-540-2 (2019).
Eskin, Mehmet. „Self‐reported assertiveness in Swedish and Turkish adolescents: A cross‐cultural comparison.ˮ Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 44.1 (2003): 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.t01-1-00315
Ghaderi, A. R., G. Venkatesh Kumar, and S. Kumar. „Depression, anxiety and stress among the Indian and Iranian students.ˮ Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology 35.1 (2009): 33–37.
Hyde, Janet Shibley. „The gender similarities hypothesis.ˮ American Psychologist 60.6 (2005): 581–592. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.6.581.
Imam, Syed Sohail. „Depression anxiety stress scales (DASS): Revisited.ˮ The Journal of Behavioral Science 3.1 (2008): 104–116.
Јовановић, Вељко, и сар. „Психометријска евалуација Скале депресивности, анксиозности и стреса-21 (ДАСС-21) на узорку студената у Србији.ˮ Психологија 47.1 (2014): 93–112.
Karagözoğlu, Şerife, et al. „Self-esteem and assertiveness of final year Turkish university students.ˮ Nurse Education Today 28.5 (2008): 641–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2007.09.010
Kessler, Ronald C., et al. „Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.ˮ Archives of General Psychiatry 62.6 (2005): 593–602. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593.
Kling, Kristen C., et al. „Gender differences in self-esteem: a meta-analysis.ˮ Psychological Bulletin 125.4 (1999): 470–500.
Krueger, Robert F. „The structure of common mental disorders.ˮ Archives of General Psychiatry 56.10 (1999): 921–926. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.56.10.921.
Lange, Arthur J., and Patricia Jakubowski. „Responsible Assertive Behavior: Cognitive.ˮ Research Press (1978).
Lazarus, Richard S., and Susan Folkman. „Stress, appraisal, and coping.ˮ Springer publishing company (1984).
Lovibond, Sydney. H., and P. F. Lovibond. „Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales.ˮ Psychology Foundation (1995).
Luijten, Chantie Charissa, et al. „Associations between adolescents’ internalizing problems and well-being: is there a buffering role of boys’ and girls’ relationships with their mothers and fathers?ˮ BMC Public Health 21.1 (2021): 1871. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11920-4.
Mann, Michal, et al. „Self-esteem in a broad-spectrum approach for mental health promotion.ˮ Health education research 19.4 (2004): 357–372. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyg041.
Mineka, Susan, David Watson, and Lee Anna Clark. „Comorbidity of anxiety and unipolar mood disorders.ˮ Fear and Anxiety (2013): 113–148.
Mougharbel, Fatima, et al. „Heavy social media use and psychological distress among adolescents: the moderating role of sex, age, and parental support.ˮ Frontiers in Public Health 11 (2023): 1190390. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1190390.
Mullan, Victoria MR, et al. „The relationship between peer victimisation, self-esteem, and internalizing symptoms in adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis.ˮ PLoS One 18.3 (2023): e0282224. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282224.
Niedenthal, P. M., S. Krauth-Gruber, and F. Ric. „Psychology of emotion: Interpersonal, experiential, and cognitive approaches.ˮ Psychology Press (2006).
Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan, and Joan S. Girgus. „The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence.ˮ Psychological Bulletin 115.3 (1994): 424–443.
Orth, Ulrich, et al. „Low self-esteem is a risk factor for depressive symptoms from young adulthood to old age.ˮ Journal of Abnormal Psychology 118.3 (2009): 472. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015922.
Patton, George C., et al. „Adolescence and the next generation.ˮ Nature 554.7693 (2018): 458–466. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25759.
Patton, George C., and Russell Viner. „Pubertal transitions in health.ˮ The Lancet 369.9567 (2007): 1130–1139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60366-3.
Paus, Tomáš, Matcheri Keshavan, and Jay N. Giedd. „Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence?ˮ Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9.12 (2008): 947–957. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2513.
Kahn, Diana Grossman. „The Myth of Masculinity.ˮ (1981): 238–240.
Rosenberg, Morris. „Society and the adolescent self-image.ˮ Vol. 11. Princeton, NJ: Princeton university press, (1965).
Schiraldi, Glenn R. „The self-esteem workbook.ˮ New Harbinger Publications, (2016).
Seligman, Martin EP, and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. „Positive psychology: An introduction.ˮ Flow and the foundations of positive psychology: The collected works of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, (2014): 279–298.
Shorey, Shefaly, Esperanza Debby Ng, and Celine HJ Wong. „Global prevalence of depression and elevated depressive symptoms among adolescents: A systematic review and meta‐analysis.ˮ British Journal of Clinical Psychology 61.2 (2022): 287–305. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12333.
Taylor, Catherine A., et al. „Gender differences in middle school adjustment, physical fighting, and social skills: Evaluation of a social competency program.ˮ Journal of Primary Prevention 23.2 (2002): 259–272.
Tiirikainen, Kati, et al. „Psychometric properties of the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) in a large representative sample of Finnish adolescents.ˮ Psychiatry Research 272 (2019): 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.004.
Тодоровић, Јелисавета. „Породични чиниоци стабилности самопоштовања адолесцената.ˮ Зборник Института за педагошка истраживања, 1, (2005): 88–106.
Товиловић, Снежана, ет ал. „Процена асертивности.ˮ Процена психолошких и психопатолошких феномена, уред. Милош Биро и сар., Центар за примењену психологију, (2009): 63–72.
Trower, Peter, Bridget Bryant, and Michael Argyle. „Social skills and mental health (psychology revivals).ˮ Routledge (2013).
Viner, Russell M., et al. „Adolescence and the social determinants of health.ˮ The Lancet 379.9826 (2012): 1641–1652.
Watson, David, and Kristin Naragon-Gainey. „Personality, emotions, and the emotional disorders.ˮ Clinical Psychological Science 2.4 (2014): 422–442. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702614536162.
Аритоновић, Ивана, и Татјана Лазаревић. „Свакодневни живот младих на северу Косова и Метохије – усмереност на специфичности образовног система и безбедносне ситуације.ˮ Баштина 33 (2020): 339–62.
Baumeister, Roy F., Laura Smart, and Joseph M. Boden. „Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem.ˮ Psychological Review 103.1 (1996): 5–33.
Bilgel, Nazan. „Turkish version of the depression anxiety stress scale (DASS-42): Psychometric properties.ˮ Archives of Neuropsychiatry Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi Dergisi, 47 (2010): 118–26. https://doi.org/10.4274/npa.5344.
Bijstra, Jan O., Harke A. Bosma, and Sandy Jackson. „The relationship between social skills and psycho-social functioning in early adolescence.ˮ Personality and Individual Differences 16.5 (1994): 767–776. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)90218-6
Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne, and Kathryn L. Mills. „Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing?ˮ Annual Review of Psychology 65.1 (2014): 187–207. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115202.
Bourke, Rosamund. „Gender differences in personality among adolescents.ˮ Psychology, Evolution & Gender 4.1 (2002): 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461666021000013724
Bronfenbrenner, Urie. „The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design.ˮ Vol. 352. Harvard University Press, 1979.
Brown, Timothy A., Bruce F. Chorpita, and David H. Barlow. „Structural relationships among dimensions of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders and dimensions of negative affect, positive affect, and autonomic arousal.ˮ Journal of Abnormal Psychology 107.2 (1998): 179–92. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.107.2.179.
Campbell, Jennifer D. „Self-esteem and clarity of the self-concept.ˮ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59.3 (1990): 538–549. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.3.538.
Clark, Lee Anna, and David Watson. „Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications.ˮ Journal of Abnormal Psychology 100.3 (1991): 316–336.
Cohen, Sheldon, Denise Janicki-Deverts, and Gregory E. Miller. „Psychological stress and disease.ˮ Jama 298.14 (2007): 1685–1687. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.14.1685.
Crawford, John R., and Julie D. Henry. „The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS): Normative data and latent structure in a large non‐clinical sample.ˮ British Journal of Clinical Psychology 42.2 (2003): 111–131. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466503321903544.
Cuijpers, Pim. „Effective ingredients of school-based drug prevention programs: A systematic review.ˮ Addictive Behaviors 27.6 (2002): 1009–1023. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603(02)00295-2
Динић, Бојана. „Принципи психолошког тестирања.ˮ Нови Сад: Филозофски факултет, Преузето са http://digitalna. ff. uns. ac. rs/sadrzaj/2019/978-86-6065-540-2 (2019).
Eskin, Mehmet. „Self‐reported assertiveness in Swedish and Turkish adolescents: A cross‐cultural comparison.ˮ Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 44.1 (2003): 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.t01-1-00315
Ghaderi, A. R., G. Venkatesh Kumar, and S. Kumar. „Depression, anxiety and stress among the Indian and Iranian students.ˮ Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology 35.1 (2009): 33–37.
Hyde, Janet Shibley. „The gender similarities hypothesis.ˮ American Psychologist 60.6 (2005): 581–592. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.6.581.
Imam, Syed Sohail. „Depression anxiety stress scales (DASS): Revisited.ˮ The Journal of Behavioral Science 3.1 (2008): 104–116.
Јовановић, Вељко, и сар. „Психометријска евалуација Скале депресивности, анксиозности и стреса-21 (ДАСС-21) на узорку студената у Србији.ˮ Психологија 47.1 (2014): 93–112.
Karagözoğlu, Şerife, et al. „Self-esteem and assertiveness of final year Turkish university students.ˮ Nurse Education Today 28.5 (2008): 641–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2007.09.010
Kessler, Ronald C., et al. „Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.ˮ Archives of General Psychiatry 62.6 (2005): 593–602. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593.
Kling, Kristen C., et al. „Gender differences in self-esteem: a meta-analysis.ˮ Psychological Bulletin 125.4 (1999): 470–500.
Krueger, Robert F. „The structure of common mental disorders.ˮ Archives of General Psychiatry 56.10 (1999): 921–926. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.56.10.921.
Lange, Arthur J., and Patricia Jakubowski. „Responsible Assertive Behavior: Cognitive.ˮ Research Press (1978).
Lazarus, Richard S., and Susan Folkman. „Stress, appraisal, and coping.ˮ Springer publishing company (1984).
Lovibond, Sydney. H., and P. F. Lovibond. „Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales.ˮ Psychology Foundation (1995).
Luijten, Chantie Charissa, et al. „Associations between adolescents’ internalizing problems and well-being: is there a buffering role of boys’ and girls’ relationships with their mothers and fathers?ˮ BMC Public Health 21.1 (2021): 1871. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11920-4.
Mann, Michal, et al. „Self-esteem in a broad-spectrum approach for mental health promotion.ˮ Health education research 19.4 (2004): 357–372. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyg041.
Mineka, Susan, David Watson, and Lee Anna Clark. „Comorbidity of anxiety and unipolar mood disorders.ˮ Fear and Anxiety (2013): 113–148.
Mougharbel, Fatima, et al. „Heavy social media use and psychological distress among adolescents: the moderating role of sex, age, and parental support.ˮ Frontiers in Public Health 11 (2023): 1190390. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1190390.
Mullan, Victoria MR, et al. „The relationship between peer victimisation, self-esteem, and internalizing symptoms in adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis.ˮ PLoS One 18.3 (2023): e0282224. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282224.
Niedenthal, P. M., S. Krauth-Gruber, and F. Ric. „Psychology of emotion: Interpersonal, experiential, and cognitive approaches.ˮ Psychology Press (2006).
Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan, and Joan S. Girgus. „The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence.ˮ Psychological Bulletin 115.3 (1994): 424–443.
Orth, Ulrich, et al. „Low self-esteem is a risk factor for depressive symptoms from young adulthood to old age.ˮ Journal of Abnormal Psychology 118.3 (2009): 472. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015922.
Patton, George C., et al. „Adolescence and the next generation.ˮ Nature 554.7693 (2018): 458–466. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25759.
Patton, George C., and Russell Viner. „Pubertal transitions in health.ˮ The Lancet 369.9567 (2007): 1130–1139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60366-3.
Paus, Tomáš, Matcheri Keshavan, and Jay N. Giedd. „Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence?ˮ Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9.12 (2008): 947–957. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2513.
Kahn, Diana Grossman. „The Myth of Masculinity.ˮ (1981): 238–240.
Rosenberg, Morris. „Society and the adolescent self-image.ˮ Vol. 11. Princeton, NJ: Princeton university press, (1965).
Schiraldi, Glenn R. „The self-esteem workbook.ˮ New Harbinger Publications, (2016).
Seligman, Martin EP, and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. „Positive psychology: An introduction.ˮ Flow and the foundations of positive psychology: The collected works of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, (2014): 279–298.
Shorey, Shefaly, Esperanza Debby Ng, and Celine HJ Wong. „Global prevalence of depression and elevated depressive symptoms among adolescents: A systematic review and meta‐analysis.ˮ British Journal of Clinical Psychology 61.2 (2022): 287–305. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12333.
Taylor, Catherine A., et al. „Gender differences in middle school adjustment, physical fighting, and social skills: Evaluation of a social competency program.ˮ Journal of Primary Prevention 23.2 (2002): 259–272.
Tiirikainen, Kati, et al. „Psychometric properties of the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) in a large representative sample of Finnish adolescents.ˮ Psychiatry Research 272 (2019): 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.004.
Тодоровић, Јелисавета. „Породични чиниоци стабилности самопоштовања адолесцената.ˮ Зборник Института за педагошка истраживања, 1, (2005): 88–106.
Товиловић, Снежана, ет ал. „Процена асертивности.ˮ Процена психолошких и психопатолошких феномена, уред. Милош Биро и сар., Центар за примењену психологију, (2009): 63–72.
Trower, Peter, Bridget Bryant, and Michael Argyle. „Social skills and mental health (psychology revivals).ˮ Routledge (2013).
Viner, Russell M., et al. „Adolescence and the social determinants of health.ˮ The Lancet 379.9826 (2012): 1641–1652.
Watson, David, and Kristin Naragon-Gainey. „Personality, emotions, and the emotional disorders.ˮ Clinical Psychological Science 2.4 (2014): 422–442. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702614536162.